MASTER 
NEGATIVE 

NO.  94-821 40- 14 


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Author: 


U.S.  Bureau  of  Labor 


Title: 


Summary  of  the  wages 
and  hours  of  labor  from 

Place: 

Washington,  D.C. 

Date: 

1912 


MASTER   NEGATIVE  # 


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U.  S,  Bureau  of  labor. 

Summary  of  the  wages  and  hours  of  labor 
from  the  Report  on  conditions  of  employ- 
ment in  the  iron  and  steel  industry  in  the 
United  States,  Washington,  1912. 

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Document 
No.  301 


Aj^^siTi/rm  SiHtkdi  mt  Lfbi 


SUMMARY  OF  THE  WAGES  AND 
HOUR^  OF  LABOR 


FROM  THE 


REPORT  ON  CONDITIONS  OF  EMPLOYMENT 
IN  THE  IRON  AND  STEEL  INDUSTRY 


IN  THE 


UNITED  STATES 


Prepared  under  the  direction  of 
CHAS.  P.  NEILL 

Commissionet  of  Labor 


Presented  by  MR.  BORAH 
February  8,  1912.— Ordered  to  be  printed 


WASHINGTON 
1912 


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Document 
No.  301 


SUMMARY  OF  THE  WAGES  AND 
HOURS  OF  LABOR 


FROM  THE 


REPORT  ON  CONDITIONS  OF  EMPLOYMENT 
IN  THE  IRON  AND  STEEL  INDUSTRY 


IN  THE 


UNITED  STATES 


Prepared  under  the  direction  of 
CHAS.  p.  NEILL 

Commituoner  of  Labor 


Presented  by  MR.  BORAH 
FEBRLAr.i'  S,  1912. — Orde-ed  tc  be  printed 


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CONTENTS. 


Page. 
Introduction 5-5 

General  summary 8-11 

Summary  of  earnings  and  hours  and  days  of  work  in  blast  furnaces,  steel 

works,  and  rolling  mills,  by  departments  and  districts 12-57 

Extent  of  the  investigation 12-18 

Earnings,  by  departments 18-28 

Earnings,  by  departments  and  districts 28-33 

Earnings  of  common  laborers 33-36 

Hours  of  labor,  by  departments 36-46 

Hours  of  labor,  by  departments  and  districts 46-53 

Days  worked  per  week,  by  departments. 53-57 

8 


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SUMMAEY  OF  WAGES  AST)  HOUES  OF  LABOR. 

INTRODUCTION. 

This  report  shows  earnings  and  hours  of  labor  of  employees  in 
practically  all  of  the  iron  and  steel  plants  in  the  United  States.  The 
report  is  the  result  of  an  investigation  directed  by  a  Senate  resolu- 
tion, under  the  provisions  of  which  the  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,  through  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  was  directed  to  make  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  conditions  of  employment,  including  especially 
wages  paid  and  hours  and  days  worked  in  the  iron  and  steel  industry 
of  the  United  States. 

The  data  presented  cover  the  conditions  existing  in  the  month  of 
May,  1910,  immediately  after  the  last  general  increase  in  wages. 
Since  that  time  there  have  been  no  general  changes  in  wages,  and 
very  few  minor  readjustments,  so  that  the  data  as  to  earnings  given 
here  represent  almost  exactly  the  conditions  existing  at  the  present 
time  (July,  1911).^  As  regards  7-day  work  in  the  industry,  con- 
ditions have  been  somewhat  altered  by  the  fact  that  a  number  of 
plants  in  various  parts  of  the  country  have,  during  the  last  few 
months,  in  response  to  the  movement  inaugurated  by  the  American 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute  since  the  beginning  of  the  present  investi- 
gation, put  into  effect  various  plans  by  which  the  employees  are 
relieved  from  the  requirement  of  working  7  days  per  week.  The 
extent  to  which  such  plans  have  been  introduced  and  the  measure 
of  rehef  afforded  by  their  operation  are  discussed  at  length  in  Volume 
III  of  this  report. 

The  term  "iron  and  steel  industry''  for  the  purposes  of  this  in- 
vestigation was  taken  in  the  sense  in  which  the  term  is  generally 
used,  to  include  the  blast  furnaces,  steel  works,  and  rolling  mills 
(puddling  mills  and  tube  mills  being  embraced  under  this  head),  to- 
gether with  such  repair,  yard-transportation,  power,  and  other  auxil- 
iary departments  as  are  included  within  the  plant.  The  investigation 
did  not  attempt  to  cover  the  mines  and  coke  ovens,  or  the  fabricating 
and  assembhng  departments,  even  where  these  departments  were 
operated  directly  in  connection  with  the  steel  works.  Although  no 
specific  attempt  was  made  to  include  foundries  or  forges,  except  as 
they  were  auxiliary  departments  of  steel  works,  data  as  to  wages  and 
hours  of  labor  for  a  majority  of  the  steel  foundries  of  the  United 

1  This  statement  was  still  true  In  December,  1911,  when  this  volume  went  to  press. 


^^^. 


I 

i 


'■i 


IV  1 


6 


LABOB    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON   AND   STEEL  INDUSTRY. 


States  were  secured  and  are  presented  in  a  separate  chapter  of  this 
volume. 

As  it  was  practically  impossible  for  the  agents  of  the  Bureau  of 
Labor  to  visit  every  plant  in  the  United  States  and  personally  to 
copy  the  desired  data  from  the  pay  rolls,  blank  forms  were  prepared 
by  the  Bureau  calling  for  certain  specific  data  concerning  the  number 
of  employees,  rates  of  wages,  hours  of  labor,  and  days  worked,  in  detail, 
together  with  a  specific  statement  of  the  number  of  hours  worked 
and  amount  of  wages  earned  during  the  last  pay-roll  period  in  May, 
1910,  by  the  workmen  in  all  the  various  occupations.  These  forms, 
together  with  detailed  instructions,  were  sent  to  every  company  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel  in  the  United  States. 
With  but  few  exceptions  the  manufacturers  complied  with  the  re- 
quest, and  themselves  copied  from  their  pay  rolls  and  compiled  the 
detailed  information  called  for  on  the  printed  forms,  and  transmitted 
them  to  the  Bureau. 

During  the  preparation  of  the  report  the  Bureau  was  in  corre- 
spondence with  the  ofiicials  of  the  various  companies,  and  the  agents 
of  the  Bureau  also  visited  the  different  plants  whenever  necessary  to 
bring  about  a  clear  understanding  of  the  precise  character  of  the  in- 
formation desired,  as  well  as  to  secure  the  correction  of  such  errors  as 
were  found  in  the  data  submitted  by  the  plants. 

For  the  purpose  of  a  proper  presentation  and  interpretation  of  the 
information  thus  obtained,  the  agents  of  the  Bureau  visited  a  large 
number  of  representative  plants  in  each  of  the  principal  centers  of  in- 
dustry and  made  a  careful  study  of  the  various  processes  and  occupa- 
tions in  each  of  the  several  departments.  The  information  thus 
obtained  has  been  presented  in  the  detailed  descriptions  of  occupa- 
tions which  accompany  the  statistical  matter  relating  to  each  of 
the  departments  of  the  industry. 

By  this  method  reports  were  secured  from  practically  all  of  the 
plants  in  the  United  States  coming  within  the  scope  of  the  investiga- 
tion and  covering  approximately  90  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of 
employees  in  the  industry.  A  few  plants  were  not  in  operation  at 
the  time  of  the  investigation,  and  were  therefore  unable  to  furnish 
the  desired  information.  In  a  number  of  cases  it  was  found  impos- 
sible to  utilize  the  information  forwarded  by  certain  plants  or  for 
particular  departments  of  such  plants.  Tliis  arose  chiefly  from  the 
following  causes:  (1)  In  a  number  of  the  smaller  plants  no  adequate 
record  of  the  wages  paid,  or,  more  particularly,  of  the  hours  worked 
during  the  period  called  for  could  be  furnished;  (2)  in  a  number  of 
departments  some  plants  had  the  greater  part  of  the  work  done  by 
contract,  paying  a  contractor  who  employed  his  own  men,  and  who 
as  a  rule  could  not  or  would  not  furnish  records  of  amounts  paid  or 
the  hours  worked  by  his  employees.     This  latter  condition  affected 


v' 


ssrenasaib-*^  .».,";=«?«' 


SUMMARY  OF  WAGES  AND  HOURS  OF  LABOR.  7 

particularly  the  reports  for  puddling  mills,  crucible  furnaces,  and 
small  rolling  mills.  All  reports  which  for  these  or  other  causes  could 
not  be  corrected  were  rigidly  excluded  from  the  tabulation.  A  few 
reports  were  also  excluded  because  they  were  forwarded  too  late  to 
be  included  in  the  tabulation,  although  otherwise  the  information 
was  in  good  condition.  These,  however,  were  in  all  cases  unimpor- 
tant plants  whose  inclusion  or  exclusion  would  have  a  negligible 
effect  upon  the  figures  of  this  report.  The  plants  of  the  Bethlehem 
Steel  Co.  are  not  included  in  this  investigation,  having  been  the 
subject  of  a  special  investigation  and  report  immediately  before  the 
beginning  of  this  investigation.*  Sheet  mills  for  the  manufacture  of 
sheet  steel  and  tin  and  teme  plate  are  not  covered  in  the  present 
volume,  owing  to  the  fact  that  these  establishments  were  the  subject 
of  a  special  investigation  along  somewhat  different  lines,  the  results 
of  which  will  form  a  part  of  Volume  III  of  this  report. 

As  a  result  of  the  exclusion  of  imperfect  reports  for  the  reasons 
above  given,  the  data  presented  in  the  present  volume  qover  approxi- 
mately 82  per  cent  of  the  employees  in  the  branches  of  the  industry 
investigated.  In  this  volume  complete  data  as  to  wages  and  hours 
of  labor  are  presented  for  199,689  employees,  of  whom  172,706  were 
employed  in  the  blast  furnaces,  steel  works,  and  rolling  mills,  and 
26,983  in  the  steel  foundries.  In  all,  416  separate  and  distinct  plants 
in  29  States  are  included,  of  which  338  were  blast  furnaces,  steel  works, 
and  rolling  mills,  and  78  were  steel  foundries  alone. 

In  the  present  volume  are  presented  the  statistics  of  earnings  and 
hours  and  days  of  work  for  the  separate  departments  and  industrial 
districts  in  summary  form,  together  with  such  discussion  and  de- 
scriptive matter  as  are  necessary  to  make  the  data  clear  and  intelligible 
to  those  who  are  not  acquainted  with  the  technical  processes  and  the 
general  labor  conditions  of  the  industry.  In  Volume  II  are  presented 
in  detail  the  earnings  and  hours  and  days  of  work  in  the  various  occu- 
pations in  each  of  the  establishments  covered  by  the  investigation. 

In  addition  to  the  information  furnished  from  the  pay  rolls  of  the 
establishments,  a  thorough  study  was  also  made  in  detail  of  the 
conditions  of  employment  in  the  iron  and  steel  industry  generaUy  by 
personal  inspection  of  the  plants  themselves,  and  through  personal 
interviews  with  the  employees  and  officials  of  the  different  estabhsh- 
ments.  A  special  study  was  also  made  of  the  statistics  of  accidents 
in  the  industry,  of  the  conditions  under  wl^ich  accidents  occur  in  the 
various  plants,  of  the  methods  used  to  prevent  accidents,  and  of  the 
provisions  made  for  the  care  of  employees  injured  by  accidents.    The 

» Report  on-  Strike  at  Bethlehem  Steel  Works,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.,  S.  Doc. 
No.  521.  The  wages  given  in  the  Bethlehem  report  were  for  January,  1910,  and  are  not  fWrly  comparable 
with  those  given  in  the  present  volume  for  other  steel  plants.  A  general  increase  in  wages  took  place  in 
the  iron  and  steel  industry  In  April  and  May,  1910,  and  the  figures  in  this  report  are  based  upon  the  wages 
paid  after  the  Increase,  while  the  figures  in  the  Bethlehem  report  represent  a  date  before  the  increase. 


"».^> 


mmm 


RNKKI^W 


8 


LABOR  CONDITIONS  IN   IRON    AND   STEEL  INDUSTRY. 


SUMMARY   OF  WAGES  AND  HOURS  OF  LABOR. 


9 


§: 


results  of  these  studies  of  conditions  of  employment  and  of  acci- 
dents and  accident  prevention  will  form  the  subjects  of  later  volumes 
of  this  report. 

GENERAL  SUMMARY. 

The  fact  that  stands  out  most  strikingly  in  any  study  of  the  labor 
conditions  in  the  iron  and  steel  industry  in  the  United  States  is  the 
unusually  long  schedule  of  working  hours  to  which  the  larger  num- 
ber of  the  employees  in  this  industry  are  subject. 

During  May,  1910,  the  period  covered  by  this  investigation, 
60,000,  or  29  per  cent,  of  the  173,000  employees  of  blast  furnaces 
and  steel  works  and  rolUng  mills  covered  by  this  report  customarily 
worked  7  days  per  week,  and  20  per  cent  of  them  worked  84  hours 
or  more  per  week,  which,  in  effect,  means  a  12-hour  working  day 
every  day  in  the  week,  including  Sunday.  The  evil  of  7-day  work 
was  particularly  accentuated  by  the  fact  developed  in  the  investi- 
gation, that  the  7-day  working  week  was  not  confined  to  the  blast- 
furnace department  where  there  is  a  metallurgical  necessity  for  con- 
tinuous operation,  and  in  which  department  88  per  cent  of  the 
employees  worked  7  days  a  week;  but  it  was  also  found  that,  to  a 
considerable  extent,  in  other  departments  where  no  such  metallurgical 
necessity  can  be  claimed,  productive  work  was  carried  on  on  Sun- 
day just  as  on  other  days  of  the  week.  For  example,  in  some  estab- 
lishments the  Bessemer  converters,  the  open-hearth  furnaces,  and 
blooming,  rail,  and  structural  mills  were  found  operating  7  days  a 
week  for  commercial  reasons  only. 

The  hardship  of  a  12-hour  day  and  a  7-day  week  is  still  further 
increased  by  the  fact  that  every  week  or  two  weeks,  as  the  case 
may  be,  when  the  employees  on  the  day  shift  are  transferred  to 
the  night  shift,  and  vice  versa,  employees  remain  on  duty  without 
relief  either  18  or  24  consecutive  hours,  according  to  the  practice 
adopted  for  the  change  of  shift.  The  most  common  plan  to  effect 
this  change  of  shift  is  to  work  one  shift  of  employees  on  the  day  of 
change  tlirough  the  entire  24  hours,  the  succeeding  shift  working  the 
regular  12  hours  when  it  comes  on  duty.  In  some  instances  the 
change  is  effected  by  having  one  shift  remain  on  duty  18  hours  and 
the  succeeding  shift  work  18  hours.  During  the  time  that  one  shift 
is  on  duty,  of  course,  the  employees  on  the  other  shift  have  the  same 
number  of  hours  of  relief  from  duty. 

That  much  of  the  Sunday  labor  which  has  been  prevalent  in  the  steel 
industry  is  no  more  necessary  than  in  other  industries  is  shown  conclu- 
sively by  the  fact  that  at  the  time  of  the  investigation  made  in  1910 
by  this  Bureau  into  the  conditions  of  labor  in  the  Bethlehem  Steel 
Works,  the  president  of  the  Steel  Corporation  directed  the  rigid  enforce- 
ment of  a  resolution  adopted  three  years  previous,  cutting  out  a  large 


fr 


part  of  Sunday  work  except  in  the  blast-furnace  department.  Even 
in  the  blast-furnace  department,  where  there  is  a  metallurgical  neces- 
sity for  continuous  operation  day  and  night  throughout  7  days  of 
the  week,  there  is  practically  nothing  except  the  desire  to  economize 
in  the  expense  of  production  that  has  prevented  the  introduction  of 
a  system  that  would  give  each  employee  1  day  of  rest  out  of  the  7. 

Since  the  beginning  of  the  present  investigation,  however,  this 
matter  of  abolishing  7-day  work  for  the  individual  employees  in 
the  blast  furnaces,  as  well  as  in  other  departments  of  the  industry, 
has  received  the  attention  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 
and  through  a  committee  of  that  organization  a  plan  has  been  pro- 
posed which  gives  each  employee  one  day  of  rest  each  week.  A 
number  of  the  plants  throughout  the  country  have,  at  the  instance 
of  the  Institute,  adopted  this  plan  or  some  modification  of  it,  and 
have  successfully  operated  it  for  several  months.  A  thorough  dis- 
cussion of  these  plans  and  of  their  value  in  solving  the  problem  to 
which  they  are  applied  will  be  found  in  the  volume  dealing  with  the 
general  conditions  of  labor  in  the  industry. 

During  the  investigation  those  in  charge  of  the  plants  have  in  their 
discussions  with  representatives  of  the  Bureau  frequently  emphasized 
the  fact  that  the  men  working  these  very  long  hours  are  not  kept  busy 
all  the  time.  To  a  considerable  extent  this  is  perfectly  true;  but  the 
employees  in  question  are  on  duty  and  subject  to  orders  during  the  en- 
tire period,  and  they  are  not,  except  in  rare  instances,  allowed  to  leave 
the  plant.  It  should  not  be  overlooked  that  it  is  not  simply  the  char- 
acter or  the  continuity  of  the  work,  but  the  fact  that  in  the  case  of 
the  12-hour-a-day  man  one-half  of  each  24  hours — more  than  three- 
fourths  of  his  waking  hours — is  spent  on  duty  in  the  miUs,  which  is  of 
significance  to  the  worker  and  his  family.  Nothing  has  been  done  by 
the  manufacturers  nor  have  any  proposals  been  made  to  lessen  the 
proportion  of  men  working  72  hours  or  more  per  week.  It  was  found 
in  this  investigation  that  nearly  43  per  cent  of  the  173,000  employees 
in  the  iron  and  steel  industry  were  working  at  least  72  hours  per 
week,  or  12  hours  per  day  for  6  days  a  week.  This  proportion  re- 
mains unchanged,  being  unaffected  by  the  plan  to  give  the  men  who 
were  working  84  hours  per  week  one  day  of  rest  in  seven. 

An  added  significance  attaches  to  the  'conditions  of  labor  here 
described  as  characteristic  of  the  iron  and  steel  industry  when  we 
consider  that  the  general  tendency  in  other  industries  for  years  past 
has  been  toward  a  shorter  working-day.  Years  ago  the  10-hour  day 
became  almost  a  standard;  since  that  time  further  reductions  have 
brought  the  working-day  to  9,  and  in  many  cases,  to  8  hours,  and  this 
reduction  has  been  accompanied  by  a  part  holiday  on  Saturday.  K 
is,  therefore,  in  striking  contrast  to  this  general  tendency  in  other 


r 


4 


10 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IKON    AND    STEEL   INDUSTRY. 


industries  to  find  in  a  great  basic  industry,  such  as  that  part  of  the 
iron  and  steel  industry  covered  in  this  report,  that  approximately  only 
14  per  cent  of  the  173,000  employees  work  less  than  60  houra  per 
week  and  almost  43  per  cent  work  72  hours  or  over  per  week. 

Another  striking  characteristic  of  the  labor  conditions  in  the  iron 
and  steel  industry  is  the  large  proportion  of  unskilled  workmen  in 
the  labor  force.  These  unskilled  workmen  are  very  largely  recruited 
from  the  ranks  of  recent  immigrants  For  the  industry  as  a  whole, 
not  far  from  one-half  of  the  91,463  employees  in  the  productive  iron 
and  steel  occupations  included  within  this  investigation  were  of  the 
class  of  unskilled  workmen.  In  the  blast-furnace  department,  the 
largest  single  department  in  the  industry,  more  than  two-thirds  of 
the  24,722  employees  in  productive  occupations  were  unskilled 
laborers,  a  large  proportion  of  whom  do  not  yet  speak  or  under- 
stand English;  and  even  in  the  South  the  number  of  immigrants 
employed  in  the  industry  is  rapidly  increasing. 

Taking  the  employees  in  all  occupations  in  the  industry,  nearly  60 
per  cent  are  foreign-born,  and  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  foreign-born 
are  of  the  Slavic  races.  Large  as  is  the  proportion  that  unskilled 
labor  forms  of  the  total  labor  force  in  the  iron  and  steel  industry,  steel 
experts  have  noted  the  fact  that  the  tendency  of  recent  years  has  been 
steadily  toward  the  reduction  of  the  number  of  higliiy  skilled  men 
employed  and  the  establishment  of  the  general  wage  on  the  basis  of 
common  or  unsldlled  labor.  Nor  is  this  tendency  likely  to  diminish, 
since  each  year  sees  a  wider  use  of  mechanical  appliances  which 
unskilled  labor  can  easily  be  trained  to  handle. 

Of  the  total  of  172,706  employees,  13,868,  or  8.03  per  cent,  earned 
less  than  14  cents  per  hour,*  20,527,  or  11.89  per  cent,  earned  14  and 
under  16  cents,  and  51,417,  or  29.77  per  cent,  earned  16  and  under  18 
cents.  Thus  85,812,  or  49.69  per  cent  of  all  the  employees,  received 
less  than  18  cents  per  hour.  Those  earning  18  and  under  25  cents 
per  hour  numbered  46,132,  or  26.71  per  cent,  while  40,762,  or  23.61 
per  -.ent,  earned  25  cents  and  over.  A  few  very  highly  skilled 
employees  received  $1.25  per  hour;  and  those  receiving  50  cents  and 
over  per  hour  numbered  4,403,  or  2.55  per  cent  of  all  employees. 

In  general  it  may  be  said  that  earnings  of  less  than  18  cents  per 
hour  represent  unskilled  labor.  The  group  earning  18  and  under  25 
cents  per  Iiour  represents  semiskilled  workmen,  while  those  earning 
25  cents  and  over  per  hour  are  skilled  employees.  The  most  common 
rate  per  hour  for  unskilled  labor  in  the  New  England  district  was  15 
cents;  in  the  Eastern  district,  13  and  14  cents;  in  the  Pittsburgh  dis- 
trict, 16  and  17  cents;  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district, 

»  Throughout  this  report  the  earnings  given  represent  the  actual  amount  earned  by  the  employee  less  the 
amount  paid  helpers  and  other  employees  for  their  assistance,  where  work  Is  done  on  a  contract  basis 
No  account  is  taken  of  deductions  for  hospital  or  medical  fees  and  simUar  deductions  for  which  the  employee' 
receives  some  return. 


-     I 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOUBS   OF   I/ABOR. 


11 


15,  16,  and  17  cents;  and  in  the  Southern  district,  10,  12 J,  13,  and 
13 J  cents.* 

A  brief  summary  of  the  conditions  as  regards  earnings,  hours,  and 
days  worked  per  week  in  the  industry  is  given  in  the  table  which  fol- 
lows. It  is  given  here  as  preliminary  to  a  more  detailed  examination 
of  the  results  of  the  investigation,  department  by  department. 

SUMMARY  OF  EARNINGS  AND  HOURS  OF  LABOR,  BY  BRANCHES  OF  THE  INDUSTRY. 


Branches  of  industry. 


Num- 
ber 
of 

plants. 


Blastfurnaces 156    31,854 


Num- 
ber 
of 
em- 
ploy- 


Steel  works  and  rolling  mills: 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills  and  crucible  fur- 
naces   

Rolling  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills . 

Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force 

Grand  total 


24  5,618 

80  14,618 

58  7,489 

212  43,631 

12  4,252 


212     75,608 


168     65,744 


«338   172,706 


Earnings  per  hour.,      Hours  per  week. 


Per  cent  of  employ- 
ees earning— 


Per  cent  of  employ- 
ees customarily 
working— 


Un- 
der 

16 


Un- 
der 
18 


cents. ;  cents. 


31.70  65.96 


25  i 
cents! 

and  I 
over. 


84 

72 

60 

hours 

hours 

hoars 

and 

and 

and 

over. 

over. 

under. 

Per 
cent 
of  em- 
ployees 
cus- 
tom- 
arily 
work- 
ing? 
days 
per 
week. 


7.70  |»62.79  »68.55  110.71 


187.88 


13.88  47.03  126.36 
20.04  148.80  i23.75 


17.53 
15.88 

8.77 


27.89  51.46 
40.25  132.45 
47.81    11.71 


.18.08  :  65.61  17.84 

23.65  76.29  8.07 

.65  3. 85  72. 47 

28.28  240.68  31.23 

1.55  3.71  65.85 


16.30  141.61  [31.03 


18.45   51.22  i22.64 


210.85  243.69   231.79 


11.70     28.94     55.56 


:l= 


19.92  49.69  123.60 


<20.59  <42.58  i<37.02 


24.07 
30.20 

1.42 

210.00- 

1.93 


213.65 


19.34 


429.28 


1  Not  including  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  only,  and  2  employees  who  worked  3  days  only. 

«  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  1  day  only. 

»  Actual  number  of  plants.  The  total  number  of  plants  can  not  be  obtained  by  simple  addition  of  the 
number  of  plants  having  the  specified  departments,  as  many  plants  have  two  or  more  departments.  For 
example,  many  plants  with  l)last  furnaces  have  also  steel  works  and  rolling  mills.    See  ta]>le  p.  12. 

*  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  1  day  only,  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  only,  and  2 
employees  who  worked  3  days  only. 

The  facts  presented  in  the  above  table  are  of  such  simple  character 
that  no  explanation  is  necessary.  It  is  sufficient  merely  to  point  out 
the  wide  differences  which  exist  between  the  various  dej)artments. 
The  blast  furnaces  show  the  lowest  general  level  of  earnings,  65.96 
per  cent  of  all  the  employees  in  that  branch  of  the  industry  earning 
less  than  18  cents  per  hour,  31.7  per  cent  earning  less  than  16  cents 
per  hour,  and  only  7.7  per  cent,  or  1  man  in  13,  earning  as  much  as 
25  cents  per  hour.  More  than  four  times  as  many  emplo^'ees  earned 
less  than  16  cents  per  hour  as  earned  25  cents  or  more  per  hour. 
The  highest  general  level  of  earnings  shown  are  for  the  puddling 
mills  and  crucible  furnaces,  where  51.46  per  cent  of  the  employees 
earn  25  cents  and  over  per  hour  and  27.89  per  cent  earn  under  18  cents 
per  hour.  Even  greater  differences  exist  between  the  different 
branches  of  the  industry  as  regards  w^orking  time.  The  blast  fur- 
naces and  open-hearth  furnaces  show  the  longest  schedule  of  working 
hours,  and  the  tube  mills,  puddling  mills,  and  crucible  furnaces 
decidedly  the  shortest. 

1  For  explanation  of  these  districts  as  used  In  this  report,  see  p.  13. 


-■* 


«^ 


\ 


S-: 


i* 


12 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN   IRON    AND   STEEL  INDUSTRY. 


SUMMARY  OF  EARNINGS  AND  HOURS  AND  DAYS  OF 
WORK  IN  BLAST  FURNACES,  STEEL  WORKS,  AND  ROLL- 
ING MILLS,  BY  DEPARTMENTS  AND  DISTRICTS. 

EXTENT  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION. 

The  data  presented  in  the  following  section  are  for  blast  furnaces, 
steel  works,  and  rolling  mills,  together  with  their  auxiliary  depart- 
ments. The  data  for  steel  foundries,  which  fall  outside  the  scope 
of  the  investigation  as  originally  planned,  are  not  included  here,  but 
are  presented  in  a  separate  chapter  of  this  volume. 

The  report  for  blast  furnaces,  steel  works,  and  rolling  miUs  covers 
338  plants  located  in  25  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  The 
distribution  of  the  plants  by  States  is  shown  in  the  following  table,  as 
well  as  the  general  character  of  the  plants  themselves: 

NUMBER  OF   BLAST  FURNACES,  STEEL  WORKS,   AND   ROLLING  MILLS   FOR  WHICH 

DATA   ARE   REPORTED,    BY  STATES. 


Number  of  plants 

having  specified  depart- 
ments. 

States. 

Blast 
fur- 
naces 
alone. 

T51a">t  fur- 
naces 
with  steel 

works 
and  roll- 
ing mills. 

1 

Steel 

works 

and 

rolling 

mills. 

Pud- 

!   dling 

mills 

and 

rolling 

mills. 

Rolling 
mills 
alone. 

Total 

1 

Maine 

1 

i* 

1 

1 

Massachusetts  

2 

1 
1 
1 

4 

4 

Rhode  Island 

2 

Connecticut 

1 

xTn™^  v«-u  /New  England  district 

3 
13 

4 
>21 
422 

2 

3 

1 

3 
14 
19 

i* 

12 

xsew  X  orK  ^Q^gat  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district. . 

2 

6 

■  New  Jersey 

4 

10 

«20 

1 

•26 

6 

1 

12 

i>«„.,„,,i. .-^  /Eastern  district 

2 
»11 

73 

Pennsylvama  {pittsburgh  district . 

78 

Delaware 

1 

Maryland 

1 

2 

District  of  Columbia 

i* 

1 

Virginia 

7 



[            7 

-iv<»f  v.-«»j«,-r.  (Wheeling  district 

1 

1 

1 

1 

........ 

3 

West Virgmia  {southern  district 

1 

Kentucky 

«3 
10 
2 
10 
9 
6 
9 

2 

}■ 

6 

"Tennessee 

11 

Georgia 

1 

3 

Alabama •. 

2 
2 

2 
6 
9 

14 

[Youngstown  district 

2 
3 

2 
2 

24 

Ohio  -cLakeand  interior  counties 

22 

tSouthern  district 

9 

Indiana 

2 
3 

A 

»2 

1 

3 
8 
1 

7 

Illinois 

3 
7 
2 
1 
2 

19 

Michigan 

8 

Wisconsin 

1 

3 

Mirmesota 

^ 

1 

Missouri 

1 

3 

Colorado 

1 



1 

Oregon 

1 
1 

i' 

1 

■California 

2 

' 

Total 

«  126 

*33 

•  55 

•48 

1 

76 

338 

I 

1  Including  1  plant  which  was  combined  with  another  plant  of  the  same  company  in  the  wage  reports. 

*  Including  1  plant  which  includes  a  puddling  mill  as  well  as  the  departments  specified  and  1  plant  which 
was  combined  with  another  plant  of  the  same  company  in  the  wage  reports. 

» Including  4  plants  which  were  combined  with  otner  plants  of  the  same  company  in  the  wage  reports  and 
1  plant  in  which  the  puddling  department  was  canceled  because  of  imperfect  data. 

*  Including  1  plant  which  includes  a  puddling  mill  as  well  as  the  departments  specified. 

6  Including  I  plant  in  which  the  puddling  department  was  canceled  because  of  imperfect  data. 

*  See  notes  to  details. 


SUMMABY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


13 


The  plants  represented  in  this  table  include  every  important  plant 
in  the  United  States/  and  in  every  State  and  district  cover  practically 
all  the  plants  which  were  in  operation  in  May,  1910.  The  complete 
character  of  the  information  is  seen  when  it  is  understood  that  the 
159  blast  furnace  plants  for  which  data  are  reported  contained  285  of 
the  289  stacks  reported  by  the  Iron  Age  as  in  blast  in  May,  1910. 
Every  standard  Bessemer  plant  in  operation  in  May  is  covered  in  this 
report,  there  being  one  plant  which  operated  its  Bessemer  department 
for  only  a  short  time  during  1910,  for  which  no  data  are  reported. 
Similarly  80  of  the  83  open-hearth  furnace  plants  in  steel  works  are 
reported  upon,  and  more  than  three-fourths  of  the  puddling  and  rolling 
mills,  although  data  are  not  available  from  which  the  exact  proportions 
can  be  determined. 

It  wiU  be  noted  in  the  above  table  that  the  distribution  of  the  plants 
of  different  types  in  the  different  States  is  far  from  uniform.  The 
large  plants  having  blast  furnaces,  steel  works,  and  rolhng  mills  oper- 
ated as  one  unit  are  chiefly  located  in  the  Pittsburgh  district  of 
Pennsylvania  and  the  Youngstown  district  of  Ohio.  The  puddling 
mills  are  to  a  large  extent  located  in  the  eastern  district  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, while  the  plants  of  the  Southern  States  are  nearly  all  blast 
furnaces  not  connected  with  steel  works  or  rolling  mills. 

This  difference  in  the  character  of  the  plants  located  in  the  different 
parts  of  the  country  is  so  marked  that  a  division  of  the  country  into  a 
small  number  of  districts  of  significance  in  the  industry  is  easily  made. 
For  the  purpose  of  this  report  the  iron  and  steel  plants  were 
grouped  into  six  districts.  The  ^'New  England"  district  includes 
the  New  England  States  and  the  eastern  and  central  parts  of  New 
York  State;  the  " Eastern '*  district  includes  New  Jersey,  eastern 
and  central  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Maryland;  the  '^ Pitts- 
burgh" district  includes  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvama  and  the 
northern  part  of  West  Virginia,  as  well  as  the  eastern  part  of  Ohio; 
the  "Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West"  district  includes  the  Buffalo 
plants  and  the  North  Central  States  (with  the  exception  of  the 
southern  and  eastern  section  of  Ohio),  together  with  the  scattered 
plants  lying  as  far  west  as  Colorado;  the  "Southern"  district 
includes  the  southern  section  of  Ohio  and  all  of  the  Southern  States 
except  Maryland;  the  "Pacific  Coast"  district  includes  the  few 
States  along  the  coast. 

The  table  following,  which  shows  the  character  of  the  plants  in  the 
different  districts,  shows  more  clearly  the  nature  of  the  geographical 
distribution  of  the  industry. 

1  Bxoept  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Works,  which  was  the  sabjeet  of  a  report  just  prior  to  this  investigation  . 


"V  •  I 


I  - 


u 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    lEON    AND   STEEL   INDUSTRY. 


NUMBER  OF  BLAST  FURNACES,  STEEL  WORKS,  AND  ROLLING 

DATA  ARE  REPORTED,  BY  DISTRICTS. 

MILLS  FOR  WHICH 

Districts. 

BIl«t 

nioa 
only. 

Blast 
fur- 
naces 
with 
stesl 
works 
and 
rolling 
mills. 

Steel 

works 

and 

rolling 

mills. 

Pud- 
dling 
mills 
with 
rolling 
mills. 

Roll- 

I^US 

only. 

Total. 

New  Eneland 

5 

25 
31 
24 
41 

2' 

17 

11 

3 

7 
14 

4 

3 
28 
8 
5 
2 
2 

5 

17 

26 

23 

4 

1 

20 

Eastern          

8# 

Pittsbureh      

105 

Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West 

7» 

Southern 

51 

Pacific  Coast          

3 

Total 

126 

33 

56 

48 

76 

1338 

, 

1  Actual  number  of  plants.    The  total  number  of  plants  can  not  be  found  by  simple  addition  of  the 
number  of  plants  having  the  specified  departments,  as  many  plants  have  two  or  more  departments. 

The  blast-furnace  plants,  it  will  be  noted,  are  very  evenly  distrib- 
uted in  the  four  principal  districts.  The  importance  of  the  Southern 
district  as  a  producer  of  pig  iron  is  apparently  exaggerated  by  the 
above  showing.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  while  it  has  44  plants  with 
blast  furnaces,  in  comparison  with  the  48  of  the  Pittsburgh  district, 
the  plants  of  the  Pittsburgh  district  have  twice  the  number  of  stacks 
and  produce  neariy  three  times  as  much  pig  iron  as  the  plants  in  the 
Southern  district.  The  separate  rolling  mills  also,  it  will  be  noted, 
are  fairly  evenly  distributed  in  the  different  districts. 

The  relative  importance  of  the  different  districts  is  more  clearly 
shown  in  the  following  table: 

NUMBER  OF  PLANTS  REPORTED  AND  NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES 
IN  PRODUCTIVE  AND  IN  GENERAL  OCCUPATIONS  FOR  WHOM  DATA  ARE  RE- 
PORTED, BY  DISTRICTS. 


Districts. 


New  England 

Eastern 

Pittsburgh 

Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West. 

Southern 

Pacific  Coast 


Total. 


Num- 
ber of 
plants. 


20 
89 
105 
70 
51 
3 


338 


Number  of  employees 
in- 

Per  cent  of  em- 
ployees in  each 
district  in- 

Per 
cent  of 

em- 

Produc- 

Gen- 

All oc- 

Produc- 

Gen- 

ployees 
meach 

tive  00- 

eral  oc- 

cupa- 

tive oo- 

eral  oc- 

dis- 

cupft- 

cupa- 

tions. 

cupa- 

cupa- 

trict. 

tlODfl. 

tiODS. 

tions. 

tiODS. 

2,506 

1,587 

4,093 

01.  2 

38.8 

2.4 

17,885 

10,256 

28,091 

63.5 

36.5 

16.  S 

42,326 

40,050 

82,376 

51.4 

48.6 

47.7 

21,887 

24,052 

46,049 

47.8 

52.2 

26.7 

6,586 

5,198 

11,784 

55.9 

44.1 

6.8 

213 

100 

313 

68.1  \ 

3L9 

.2 

91,461 

81,248 

172,706 

53.0 

47.0 

100.0 

From  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that  while  the  Pittsburgh  dis- 
trict has  less  than  one-third  of  all  the  plants  reported  it  embraces 
approximately  48  per  cent  of  all  the  employees  in  the  industry. 
Similarly,  the  plants  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district, 
while  19  fewer  in  number  than  those  of  the  Eastern  district,  because 


SUMMARY  OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS  OF  LABOR. 


15 


of  the  larger  size  of  the  plants,  have  more  than  50  per  cent  more 
employees.  While  the  Pacific  Coast  district  is  insignificant  as  regards 
number  of  employees,  the  wages  in  that  district  are  so  far  different 
from  those  in  the  remainder  of  the  country  that  it  was  necessary  to 
present  the  facts  separately. 

In  the  presentation  of  the  facts  as  regards  wages  and  hours  of  labor 
in  the  industry,  the  primary  classification  of  the  employees  is  that 
shown  in  the  table.  This  division  of  the  employees  between  those 
directly  connected  with  the  production  of  iron  and  steel  and  those 
whose  work  is  of  a  general  character  connected  with  the  production 
of  power,  transportation,  and  in  general  with  the  maintenance  of  the 
plant  is  fundamental  to  a  proper  understanding  of  the  labor  situation 
in  the  industry.  The  working  conditions  of  the  two  groups  are 
widely  different  as  regards  physical  surroundings,  general  nature  of 
the  work,  and  hours  of  labor.  Furthermore,  the  employees  in  the 
general  occupations  are  largely  machinists  or  in  the  skilled  and  semi- 
skilled mechanical  trades,  and  the  iron  and  steel  industrv  is  in  direct 
competition  with  many  other  industries  in  employing  them.  In  the 
productive  occupations  the  work  of  all  the  skilled  and  semiskilled 
employees  is  speciaHzed  to  a  considerable  degree,  so  that  they  are  to 
a  large  extent  dependent  upon  the  iron  and  steel  industry  for 
employment. 

It  will  be  noted  that  for  the  industry  as  a  whole  these  two  groups 
of  employees  are  of  very  nearly  the  same  size,  the  productive  occupa- 
tion group  embracing  53  per  cent  of  all  emploj^ees,  and  the  general 
occupation  group  embracing  47  per  cent.  The  very  large  pro- 
portion of  the  total  labor  force  w^hich  these  employees  who  are  not 
directly  connected  with  production  form  is  one  of  the  most  striking 
characteristics  of  the  iron  and  steel  industry.  It  will  be  noted  that 
there  is  a  considerable  divergence  between  the  districts  in  the  proportion 
of  employees  in  the  general  occupation  group.  This  arises  from  the 
fact  that  tliis  group  is  largest  in  the  very  large  modern  establishments, 
where  the  functions  are  highly  speciaHzed  and  where  mechanical 
methods  of  production  require  a  large  force  for  power  production, 
repairs,  and  yard  transportation.  For  this  reason  the  Pittsburgh  and 
the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  districts,  where  most  of  the  large, 
highly  developed  plants  are  located,  have  the  largest  proportion 
of  employees  in  the  general  occupations,  and  leaving  out  of  con- 
sideration the  Pacific  Coast  district,  the  Eastern  district,  where 
puddling  mills  and  small  rolling  mills  are  numerous,  has  the  smallest 
percentage  in  this  group.  The  tendency  of  the  industry  is  alto 
gether  in  the  direction  of  increasing  the  proportion  of  employees 
in  the  general  occupation  group  through  the  extension  of  mechanical 
naethods  of  production  and  through  increased  specialization  of  occupa- 
tions.    This  is  exemplified  in  the  fact  that  in  one  of  the  most  modern 


1 


"/"'•;  V-^^fl3^^^!ff^ 


«»^M*r^.»*R"'^  ffm^ 


16 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND   STEEL.  INDUSTRY. 


*    1 


plants  in  the  country'the  employees  in  the  general  occupation  group 
form  more  than  60  per  cent  of  the  entire  labor  force.  In  this  con- 
nection it  should  be  noted  that  all  the  common  laborers  specifically 
charged  to  a  department  in  the  reports  of  each  company  have  been 
classified  with  the  productive  occupation  group  for  that  department. 
The  distribution  of  the  employees  by  departments  as  well  as  the 
relative  proportions  of  employees  in  the  productive  and  in  the  gen- 
eral occupation  groups  in  each  department  are  shown  in  the  table 
which  follows: 

NUMBER  OF  PLANTS  REPORTED  AND  NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  IN 
PRODUCTIVE  AND  IN  GENERAL  OCCUPATIONS  FOR  WHOM  DATA  ARE  REPORTED, 
BY  DEPARTMENTS. 


Num- 
ber of 
plants. 

Number  of  employees  in- 

Per  cent  of  em- 
ployees in  each 
department  in— 

Per 
cent  of 

em- 
ploy- 

Departments. 

Produc- 
tive oo- 
cupa- 
tions. 

General 

oc-cupa- 

tions. 

All  occu- 
pations. 

Pro- 
ductive 
occupa- 
tions. 

Gen- 
eral oo- 
cupa- 
tions. 

eesm 
each 
de- 
part- 
ment. 

Producing  departments: 

Blast  furnaces 

1.56 
24 
80 
47 
11 
51 
34 
10 

16 
27 
116 
19 
11 
12 

24,722 
4,927 

12,421 
6,447 
633 
4,485 
5.193 
3,584 

3,160 
2,869 
16,148 
1,915 
864 
4,095 

6,632 
691 

2,197 

314 

95 

1,269 
748 
942 

332 

403 

1,178 

641 

31,354 
5,618 

14,618 
6,7ei 
728 
5,754 
5,941 
4,526 

3,492 
3,272 
17,326 
2,456 
864 
4,252 

78.8 
87.7 
85.0 
95.4 
87.0 
77.9 
87.4 
79.2 

90.5 
87.7 
93.2 
78.0 
100.0 
96.3 

2L2 
12.3 
15.0 
4.6 
13.0 
22.1 
12.6 
20.8 

9.5 
12.3 

6.8 
22.0 

'"3*7" 

18.2 

Bessemer  converters 

3.3 

Onen-hearth  furnaces 

8.5 

Puddline  mills 

3.9 

Crucible  furnaces 

.4 

Bloomini'  mills 

3.3 

Plate  mills 

3.4 

Standard  rail  mills 

2.6 

Structural,  light  rail,and  other  shape 
mills                    

2.0 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills            

L9 
10.0 

Garrett  rod  mills 

L4 

Misopllanpoiis  rod  mills         

.5 

Tube  mills 

157 

2.5 

Total,  producing  departmenta  . . . 

91,463 

15,499 

106,962 

85.5 

14.5 

6L9 

Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

St^am    {"as   nnfi  Wfttpr                     



6,037 
22,855 
3,221 
22,588 
3,864 
4.618 
2,561 

6,037 
22,855 
3,221 
22,588 
3,864 
4,618 
2,561 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

3.6 

Yftrfl  anri  trftfisnortfttion  .          .............. 

13.2 

Wlpptrip  nnvvpr  and  renairs          ........ 

LO 

ShoDS                                   ••••  •••••••• 

13.1 

Mf^onaiiical  ren^rs i 

2.2 

Rhinnine^                 .    .    .-.- -- 

2.7 

Miscellaneous 

1.6 

Total,   power,   mechanicfil,   and 
yard  force 

65,744 

65,744 

100.0 

38.1 

Grand  total 

91,463 

81,243 

172,706 

53.0 

47.0 

100.0 

A  truer  understanding  of  the  relative  importance  of  the  different 
departments  of  the  industry  in  furnishing  opportunities  for  employ- 
ment would  be  given  if  it  were  possible  to  apportion  the  work  done 
by  the  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force  properly  among  the  differ- 
ent departments.  This  is  impossible  in  a  wage  presentation  because 
the  employees  included  under  the  head  of  power,  mechanical,  and  yard 
force  do  not  work  for  specific  departments,  but  work  as  they  are 
needed  for  each  in  turn  and  can  therefore  be  charged  only  against  the 
plant  as  a  whole.  Some  comment,  however,  will  greatly  aid  in  secur- 
ing a  correct  understanding  of  the  significance  of  this  table.  In  the 
first  place,  the  blast  furnaces  are  in  large  part  operated  as  separate 


SUMMARY  OF  WAGES  AND   HOURS  OF  LABOR. 


17 


Jw 


Av 


^^mrnm- 


l»ir^.^T<t  flP!*SWf- 


productive  and  administrative  units,  and  the  employees  engaged  in 
power  generation  and  mechanical  work  for  them  are  all  included  under 
the  head  of  general  occupations,  except  in  the  large  plants  having 
blast  furnaces,  steel  works,  and  rolling  mills  operated  as  a  single  unit, 
in  which  case  a  part  of  the  work  of  the  power,  mechanical,  and  yard 
force  would  be  done  for  the  blast  furnaces.  An  apportionment  of 
this  work,  however,  would  not  greatly  increase  the  relative  impor- 
tance of  the  blast  furnaces  as  employers  of  labor.  The  same  state- 
ment applies  with  even  greater  exactness  to  the  puddling  mills  and 
crucible  furnaces,  though  both  these  groups  are  affected  by  the  fact 
that  a  larger  proportion  of  defective  wage  reports  were  excluded  for 
them  than  for  any  other  departments.  For  the  tube  mills,  on  the 
other  hand,  which  as  a  rule  form  a  part  of  large  and  highly  organized 
plants,  the  greater  part  of  the  repair  force,  etc.,  are  included  in  the 
power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force.  Taking  these  facts  into  consider- 
ation it  will  be  seen  that  while  the  blast-furnace  department  is 
decidedly  the  largest  single  producing  department,  it  is  but  slightly 
larger  than  the  yard  and  transportation  or  the  shop  department,  the 
latter  it  must  be  remembered,  including  only  the  repair  shops  and  not 
those  manufacturing  for  the  trade,  while  the  entire  power,  mechanical, 
and  yard  force  has  more  than  twice  as  many  employees  as  the  blast 
furnaces. 

The  general  situation,  however,  as  regards  relative  number  of 
employees  in  the  different  lines  of  work  will  be  more  easily  grasped 
from  the  following  table,  in  which  the  facts  are  more  simply  presented 
under  a  smaller  number  of  groups : 

NUMBER  OF  PLANTS  REPORTED  AND  NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES 
IN  PRODUCTIVE  AND  IN  GENERAL  OCCUPATIONS  FOR  WHOM  DATA  ARE  RE- 
PORTED, BY  BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY. 


Number 
of  plants. 

Number  of  employees 
m— 

Per  cent  of  em- 
ployees in  each 
department  in- 

Per 

cent 

of  em- 

Branches of  industry. 

Pro- 
ductive 
occu- 
pations. 

Gen- 
eral oc- 
cupa- 
tions. 

All  oc- 
cupa- 
tions. 

Pro- 
ductive 
occu- 
pations. 

Gen- 
eral 00- 
cupa- 
tions. 

ployees 
meach 
depart- 
ment. 

Blast  furnaces 

156 

24,722 

6,632 

31,354 

78.8 

21.2 

18.2 

Steel  works  and  rolling  mills: 

Bessemer  converters 

24 

80 

58 

212 

12 

4,927 
12,421 

7,080 
38,218 

4,095 

691 
2.197 

409 
5,413 

157 



5,618 
14,618 

7,489 
43, 631 

4,252 

87.7 
85.0 
94.5 
87.6 
96.3 

12.3 
15.0 

5.5 
12.4 

3.7 

3.3 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

8.5 

Puddling  mills  and  crucible  ftunaces. . . 
Rolling  mills 

4.3 
25.3 

Tube  mills 

2.5 

Total,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills. . . 

212 

66,741 

8,867 

75,608 

88.3 

n.7 

43.8 

Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force 

168 

65,744 

65,744 

100.0 

38.1 

GpiTld  fltAl  -  -     . . . 

1338 

91,463 

81.243 

172, 706         5.^-  0 

47.0 

100.0 

I  Actual  number  of  plants.  The  total  number  of  plants  can  not  be  obtained  by  simple  addition  of  the 
number  of  piants  havmg  the  specified  departments,  as  many  plants  have  two  or  more  departments.  For 
example,  many  plants  with  blast  furnaces  have  also  steel  works  and  roUiag  mills.     See  table,  p.  12. 


1516P— S.  Doc.  301,  62-2- 


:sm^ 


'«prw>'.n'«pr..,T  «»-«r-' 


Pvv.   ■,* 


W-, 


ik.    "' 


<« 


18  LABOR   CONDITIONS    IN    IKON    AND    STEEL   INDUSTRY. 

Some  comment  is  necessary  in  order  to  bring  out  the  significance 
of  the  facts  shown  in  this  table.  There  are  three  primary  divisions 
of  the  iron  and  steel  industry;  first,  the  production  of  pig  iron  in  the 
blast  furnaces,  second,  the  refining  and  conversion  of  the  greater  part 
of  this  pig  iron  into  steel  or  puddled  iron  in  the  Bessemer  converters, 
open-hearth,  or  crucible  furnaces,  or  puddling  mills,  and  finally  the 
mechanical  working  and  shaping  of  this  material  in  the  rollin<'  and 
tube  mills.  "^ 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table  that  the  production  of  pig  iron 
affords  employment  to  31,354,   or   18.2  per  cent,   of  the   172,706 
employees  m  the  industry,  and  that  of  this  number  only  78  8  per  cent 
were  directly  engaged  in  production.     For  the  production  of  steel 
and  puddled  iron,  27,725 employees,  or  16.1  per  cent  of  the  total  num- 
ber were  required,  of  whom  approximately  90  per  cent  were  directly 
engaged  m  production.     Of  these,  14,618  were  employed  in  the  open- 
hearth  furnaces,  which  during  recent  years  has  become  the  most 
important  steel-making  process.     In  the  rolling  mills  and  tube  mills 
together  were  47,883  employees,  or  27.8  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
of  whom  approximately  90  per  cent  were  directly  engaged  in  pro- 
duction.    The    largest    single    group,    however,    including    65,744 
employees,  or  38.1  per  cent,  were  only  very  indirectly  concerned  with 
production,  their  work  being  altogether  devoted  to  repairs,  power 
generation,  and  the  disposition  of  the  products. 

EARNINGS,  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 

More  than  one-half,  or  56.48  per  cent,  of  the  172,706  employees 
included  m  this  report  earned  16  and  under  25  cents  per  hour;  almost 
one-fifth,  19.92  per  cent,  earned  less  than  16  cents  per  hour;  ahnost 
exactly  one-half,  49.69  per  cent,  earned  less  than  18  cents  per  hour- 
three-fourths,  76.40  per  cent,  earned  less  than  25  cents  per  hour; 
97.45  per  cent  earned  less  than  50  cents  per  hour;  and  2.55  per  cent 
earned  50  cents  and  over  per  hour. 

The  summary  which  follows  shows  by  means  of  cumulative  per- 
centages the  classified  earnings  for  each  of  the  principal  branches  of 
the  industry: 


•»  ■  • 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND  HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


19 


PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  EARNING  LESS  THAN  SPECIFIED  AMOUNT  PER  HOUR. 

BY  BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY. 


Branches  of  industry. 


Normal 
number 
of  em- 
ployees. 


Per  cent  of  employees  earning 
per  hoar- 


Blast  furnaces 31, 354 

Steel  works  and  roUinp  mills:  ' 

Bessemer  converters 5^  618 

Open-hearth  furnaces !!!!!!;  I4!  618 

Puddling  mills  and  crucible  furnaces i  7,489 

Rolling  mills ,  43. 631 

Tube  mills 4,  2.'j2 

Total,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills 75. 008 

Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force 65, 744 

Grand  total 172, 706^ 


Under  i  Under 


14 
cents. 


16.29 


1.21 
9.37 
5.35 
5.74 
3.01 


18 
cents. 


Under    Under 

25  FO 

cents.  ,  cents. 


65.96  I    92.30 


99.94 


I 


47.03 
48.80 
27.89 
40.25 
47.81 


73.64 
76.25 
48.54 
07.55 
88.29 


5.91       41.61  I     68.97 


95.64 
98.54 
94.26 
93.03 
97.77 


94.68 


6.52  I    51.22  I    77.36 


99.46 


8.03  I    49.69       76.40 


97.45 


Comparing  first  the  two  primary  divisions  of  the  industry,  the  blast 
furnaces  and  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  wide  differences  are 
seen  to  exist  in  the  general  level  and  range  of  earnings.  This  differ- 
ence is  marked  in  every  group  shown  above,  but  particularly  in  the 
highest  and  lowest.  Nearly  three  times  as  large  a  proportion  of  the 
employees  in  blast  furnaces  were  reported  as  earning  under  14  cents 
per  hour  as  in  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills,  the  percentages  being 
16.29  and  5.91,  respectively.  In  the  blast  furnaces  only  0.06  per 
cent  of  all  the  employees  earned  as  much  as  50  cents  per  hour,  while 
in  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  5.32  per  cent  were  earning  50  cents 
and  over  per  hour.  Of  the  subdivisions  of  the  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills,  the  puddling  mills  and  crucible  furnaces  show  the  high- 
est general  level  of  earnings,  although  the  rolling  mills  have  the  largest 
proportion  earning  50  cents  and  over  per  hour.  The  tube  mills  show 
the  lowest  general  level  of  earnings  of  any  of  the  subdivisions,  the 
mnge  being  unusually  narrow,  although  in  the  open-hearth  furnaces 
there  is  a  very  large  proportion  of  employees,  for  the  most  part 
boys,  earning  less  than  14  cents  per  hour. 

A  more  exact  understanding  of  the  range  and  distribution  of  earn- 
ings will  be  obtained  from  the  following  table,  which  shows  in  detail 
for  all  of  the  departments  of  the  industry  the  number  and  per  cent  of 
employees  earning  each  classified  amount  per  hour.  It  will  be  noted 
that  in  this  table  the  various  types  of  rolling  mills  are  shown  sepa- 
rately, and  that  the  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force  is  subdivided 
into  its  constituent  departments.  The  first  section  of  the  table 
shows  numbers  and  the  second  section  percentages.  It  will  be  noted 
that  the  average  net  earnings  per  hour  were  not  computed  except  for 
the  employees  in  productive  occupations,  on  account  of  the  great 
amount  of  work  and  time  involved. 


u'jiii^- 


m^::^-^:- 


X  V. 


20  LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IBON    AND    STEEL   INDUSTRY. 

AVERAGE  EARNINGS  PER  HOUR  AND  NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES 


Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 


1 
2 
3 
4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 


29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 


Departments. 


Number 

of 
plants. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces !!!!!!! 

Blooming  mills .'......'.'.'... 

Plate  mills ." ' 

Standard  rail  mills \\"".[" 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mYlis.*."! 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  productive  occupations. 

Employees  in  general  occupations; 
Blast  furnaces . 


Bessemer  converters .......'. 

Open-hearth  furnaces '. 

Puddling  mills ......'..'. 

Crucible  furnaces ..'..'.. 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  "shape "ml*lis\ 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Barmdls 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills. 

Tube  mills 


156 
24 
80 
47 
11 
51 
34 
10 
16 
27 
116 
19 
11 
12 


Normal 

number 

of 

employees. ! 


24,722 
4,927 

12,421 
6,447 
633 
4,485 
5,193 
3,584 
3,160 
2,869 

16,148 

1,915 

864 

4,095 


91,463 


153 
24 
67 
34 
11 
48 
31 
10 
13 
23 
76 
19 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops...... 

Mechanical  repairs 

Shipping ,'"'_■' 

Miscellaneous 


11 


6,632 
691 

2,197 

314 

95 

1,269 
748 
942 
332 
403 

1,178 
541 


167 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force. 
Grand  total 


15,499 


6,037 
22,855 
3,221 
22.588 
3,864 
4,618 
2,561 


65,744 
172,706 


Average 

earnings 

per 

hour. 


0.172 
.232 
.219 
.274 
.265 
.255 
.255 
.228 
.216 
.237 
.271 
.302 
.269 
.205 


.223 


SUMMABY  OF  WAGES  AND  HOURS  OP  LABOR. 


21 


EARNING  EACH  CLASSIFIED  AMOUNT  PER  HOUR,  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 

Number  of  employees  earning  each  classified  amount  per  hour. 

Under 

12 
cents. 

12 

and 

under 

14 
cents. 

14 
1    and 
under 

16 
cents. 

16 

and 

under 

18 
cents. 

18 

and 

under 

20 
cents. 

20 

and 

under 

25 
cents. 

25 

and 

under 

30 
cents. 

30 

and 

under 

40 
cents. 

40 

and 

under 

50 
cents. 

60 

and 

under 

60 
cents 

60 

and 

under 

70 
cents. 

1 

i     70 
i  cents 
1   and 
over. 

"  Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 

1,378 

23 

431 

51 

22 

104 

156 

56 

.58 

20 

490 

5 

2 

49 

3,032 

31 

867 

269 

23 

164 

257 

186 

22 

29 

629 

60 

3 

74 

4,192 

656 

1,218 

812 

50 

344 

530 

514 

501 

158 

1,581 

87 

80 

243 

9,273 

1,635 

3,681 

564 

128 

1,217 

938 

962 

1,018 

1,050 

2,931 

490 

227 

1,648 

3,231 
482 
985 
290 
45 
361 
486 
281 
416 
311 

1,612 

205 

76 

738 

2,540 
699 

2,196 
946 
123 
574 
897 
696 
392 
519 

2,847 
233 
143 
867 

722 
433 

1,164 
899 
56 
429 
645 
257 
329 
253 

1,613 

172 

96 

163 

326 

461 

1,142 

1,960 

105 

644 

641 

238 

285 

223 

1,904 

177 

113 

169 

26 
262 
529 
267 

44 
303 
278 
189 

63 

137 

1,104 

137 

45 

59 

2 

110 

94 

317 

18 

204 

164 

96 

37 

97 

607 

153 

37 

37 

1 

68 

38 

20 

7 

84 

95 

87 

18 

31 

311 

109 

16 

57 

67 
76 
62 
13 
57 

116 
24 
21 
41 

519 

78 

26 

1 

2 
3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

2,845 

5,655 

10,966 

25,762 

9,519 

13,671 

7,220 

8,388 

3,443 

1,962 

941 

1,091 

245 
3 

39 

11 

1 

16 
2 
4 
8 
6 
44 
18 

452 
11 
32 
23 
1 
45 
12 
43 

4' 

26 
28 

640 
56 

342 
50 

""m 

120 

106 

17 

15 

168 

79 

1,470 
227 
523 
65 
19 
440 
266 
296 
190 
120 
343 
156 

1,170 
130 
323 

22 

10 
240 

70 
130 

27 
114 
150 
119 

1,316 

184 

509 

76 

34 

241 

141 

240 

49 

89 

196 

57 

756 
68 

276 
36 
22 
94 
91 

108 
34 
37 
93 
46 

636 
11 

122 
26 
8 
68 
55 
15 
7 
18 

135 
26 

30 
1 

25 
3 

15 

3 

16 
16 

4 

2 
2 

i" 

17 
18 
19 

2 

20 

1 
1 

21 

22 
23 
24 

10 
4 

7 
6 

5 
2 

1 
2 

25 
26 
27 
28 

2 

3 

2 

12 

39 

77 

'7    14' 

1 

399 

680 

1,718 

4,116 

2,544 

3,209 

1,666       1,039 

76 

34 

14 

4 

12 

186 
55 

426 

8 

18 

85 

120 

2,330 

36 

661 

27 

196 

139 

572 

4,096 

91 

1,412 

470 

685 

517 

2,388 
11,968 

288 
3,471 

423 
2.043 

958 

1,313 
1,184 
318 
2,510 
662 
864 
456 

1,236 
1,715 
1,033 
3,746 
1,288 
610 
265 

337 
960 
986 
4,061 
664 
168 
106 

53 
399 
412 

3 
4 
3 

3 
12 

i" 

29 
30 
31 

5,109  \      886 

289            9 

41            2 

30            7 

228 
23    . 
1    . 

71 

17 
1 

32 
.33 
34 

35 

790 

3,499 

7,843 

21,539 

7,296 

9,893 

7,280 

6,333  !      914 

252 

86 

19 

4,034 

9,834 

20,527 

61,417 

19,359 

26,773 

16,166 

16,760  1  4,433 

2,248     1,041     1,114 

22  LABOB   CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND   STEEL   INDUSTRY. 

AVERAGE  EARNINGS  PER  HOUR  AND  NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES 


Mar. 
glnal 
num- 
ber. 


1 
2 
3 

4 

5 

ft 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 


29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 


Departments. 


Number 

of 
plants. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters. 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills , 

Crucible  furnaces 

Bloominp  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  ro<l  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Normal 

number 

of 

employees. 


Total,  productive  occupatioas. 

Employees  in  general  occupations: 
Blast  furnaces , 


Bessemer  converters 

OF>en-hearth  furnaces , 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills '. 

Structural,  light  rail  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  m ills 


156 
24 
80 
47 
11 
61 
34 
10 
16 
27 

115 
19 
11 
12 


153 
24 
67 
34 
11 
48 
31 
10 
13 
23 
70 
19 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops 

Mecnanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force. 
Grand  total 


11 


24,722 
4,927 

12,421 
6,447 
633 
4,485 
5, 193 
3,584 
3,160 
2,869 

16, 148 

1,915 

864 

4,095 


91,463 


6,632 
691 

2,197 

314 

95 

1,269 
748 
942 
332 
4a3 

1,178 
541 


157 


15,499 


6,037 
22.855 
3,221 
22,588 
3,864 
4,618 
2,661 


65.744 


172,706 


Average 

earnings 

per 

hour. 


0.172 
.2.32 
.219 
.274 
.2(i5 
.255 
.255 
.228 
.216 
.2.37 
.271 
.302 
.269 
.205 


,223 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR.  23 

EARNING  EACH  CLASSIFIED  AMOUNT  PER  HOUR,  BY  DEPARTMENTS-Concluded. 


Per  cent  of  employees  earning  each  classified  amount  per  hour. 

Under 

12 
cents. 

and 
under 

14 
cents. 

14 

and 

under 

16 
cents. 

16 

and 

tinder 

18 
cents. 

18 

and 

under 

20 
cents. 

20 

and 

under 

25 
oenffl. 

25 

and 

under 

30 
cents. 

30 

and 

under 

40 
cents. 

40 

and 

under 

50 
cents. 

50 

and 

under 

60 
cents. 

60 
and 
;  under 
!     70 
1  cents. 

1 

i      70 
'  cents 
1    and 
over. 

'  Mar. 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 

5.57 

.47 

3.47 

.79 

3.48 

2.32 

3.00 

L56 

1.84 

.70 

3.03 

.26 

.23 

1.20 

12.26 

.63 

6.98 

4.17 

3.03 

3.66 

4.95 

5.19 

.70 

1.01 

3.90 

3.60 

.35 

.81 

16.96 

13.31 

9.81 

12.60 

7.90 

7.67 

10.21 

14.34 

15.85 

5.51 

9.79 

4.54 

a26 

5.93 

37.51 
33.18 
29.64 
8.75 
20.22 
27.13 
18.06 
26.84 
32.22 
36.60 
18.15 
25.59 
26.27 
40.24 

13.07 
9.78 
7.93 
4.50 
7.11 
8.05 
9.36 
7.84 

13.16 

10.84 
9.98 

10.70 
8.80 

18.02 

10.27 
14.19 
17.68 
14.67 
19.43 
12.80 
17.27 
19.39 
12.41 
18.09 
17.63 
12.17 
16.55 
21.17 

2.92 
8.79 
9.37 

13.94 
8.69 
9.57 

12.42 
7.17 

10.41 
8.82 
9.99 
8.98 

11.11 
3.74 

1.32 

9.36 

9.19 

30.40 

16.59 

14.36 

12.34 

6.64 

9.02 

7.77 

11.79 

9.24 

13.08 

4.13 

0.11 
5.32 
4.26 
4.14 
6.95 
6.76 
5.35 
5.27 
1.99 
4.78 
6.84 
7.15 
5.21 
1.44 

0.01 
2.23 

.76 
4.92 
2.84 
4.55 
2.97 
2.65 
1.17 
3.38 
3.76 
7.99 
4.28 

.90 

1 

i.38 

.31 

.31 

1.11 

1.87 

1.83 

2.43 

.57 

1.08 

1.93 

5.69 

1.85 

1.39 

i.36 

1      .61 

.81 

2.05 

1.27 

2.23 

.67 

.66 

.43 

3.21 

4.07 

3.01 

.02 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

3.11 

6.18 

11.99 

28.17 

10.41 

14.95 

7.89 

9.17 

3.76 

2.15 

1.03 

1.19 

3.69 

.43 

1.78 

3.50 

1.05 

1.26 

.27 

.42 

2.41 

1.49 

3.74 

3.33 

6.82 
1.59 
1.46 
7.32 
1.05 
3.55 
1.60 
4.56 

"'"."99* 
2.21 
5.18 

9.65 

8.10 

15.57 

15.92 

"'9.*69' 
16.04 
11.25 
5.12 
3.72 
14.26 
14.60 

22.17 
32.85 
23.81 
20.70 
20.00 
34.67 
34.22 
31.32 
57.23 
29.78 
29.12 
28.84 

17.64 
18.81 
14.70 

7.01 
10.53 
18.91 

9.36 
13.80 

8.13 
28.29 
12.73 
22.00 

19.84 
26.63 
23.17 
24.20 
35.79 
18.99 
18.85 
25.48 
14.76 
22.08 
16.64 
10.54 

1L38 

9.84 

12.56 

11.46 

23.16 

7.41 

12.17 

11.46 

10.24 

9.18 

7.89 

8.32 

8.08 
1.59 
5.55 
7.96 
8.42 
5.36 
7.35 
1.59 
2.11 
4.47 
11.46 
4.62 

.45 

.14 

1.14 

.96 

.23 

.05 

15 
16 

.18. 

.09 
.64 

""'.32' 

17 
18 
19 

.16 

20 

.is 

.11 

21 

22 

23 

24 

.85 
.74 

.59 
1.11 

.42 
.37 

.08 
.37 

25 
26 
27 
28 

i.27 

1.91 

1.27 

7.64 

24.84 

49.04 

4.46 

8.92 

.64 

2.67 

4.39 

11.08 

26.56 

16.41 

20.70 

10.75 

6.70 

.49 

.22 

.09 

.03 

.20 

.81 

1.71 

1.89 

.21 

.39 

3.32 

1.99 
10.19 
1.12 
2.88 
.70 
4.24 
5.43 

9.47 
17.92 
2.83 
6.25 
12.16 
14.83 
20.19 

39.66 
52.36 
8.94 
15.37 
10.95 
44.24 
37.41 

2L75 
5.18 
9.87 
11.11 
17.13 
18.49 
17.77 

20.47 
7.50 
32.07 
16.58 
33.33 
13.21 
10.35 

5.58 

4.20 

30.58 

17.98 

17.18 

3.64 

4.10 

.88 

1.75 

12.79 

22.62 

7.48 

.89 

1.17 

.05 
.02 
.09 
3.92 
.23 
.04 
.27 

.05 
.05 

"(>)■* 

29 
30 
31 

1.01 
.60 
.02 

.31 

.08 
.03 

32 
33 
34 

35 

1.20 

6.32 

11.93  . 

32.76 

11.10 

16.05 

11.07 

9.63 

1.39 

.38 

.13 

.03 

2.34 

5.69 

11.89 

29.77 

11.21 

15.50 

9.36 

9.13 

2.57 

1.30 

.60 

.65 

■  ■'-  *:c 


»  Less  than  one.hiindredth  ol  1  per  cent. 


r— irirTTT'  ■■ 


W-: 


24 


LABOR    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND   STEEL  INDUSTRY. 


In  productive  occupations  some  employees  in  every  department 
were  earning  less  than  12  cents  per  hour.  The  proportion  earning  less 
than  12  cents  was  5.57  per  cent  in  the  blast  furnace  department,  3.48 
per  cent  in  the  crucible  furnaces,  3.47  per  cent  in  the  open-hearth 
furnaces,  3.03  per  cent  in  the  bar  mills,  and  3  per  cent  in  the  plate 
mills.  Of  the  total  for  productive  occupations  3.11  per  cent  earned 
less  than  12  cents  per  hour.  These  employees  were  in  large  part  boys, 
but  in  the  Southern  district  particularly  a  large  number  of  adult 
males  were  receiving  less  than  12  cents  per  hour. 

In  every  department  with  the  exception  of  the  blast  furnace  depart- 
ment a  few  employees  in  productive  occupations  earned  70  cents  and 
over  per  hour.  The  proportion  earning  70  cents  and  over  was  4.07 
per  cent  in  the  rod  mills,  3.21  percent  in  the  bar  mills,  and  1.19  per 
cent  for  the  total  of  all  departments. 

Considering  the  total  number  of  employees  included  in  this  report, 
57  per  cent  more  employees  earned  less  than  14  cents  per  hour  than 
earned  40  cents  and  over;  less  than  14  cents  per  hour  was  earned  by 
8.03  per  cent  of  all  employees  and  40  cents  and  over  per  hour  was 
earned  by  5.12  per  cent  of  all  employees. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  the  general  occupations  and  in  the  power, 
mechanical,  and  yard  force  the  general  level  of  earnings  is  lower  and 
the  range  smaller  than  in  the  productive  occupations.  The  shops, 
however,  show  both  a  high  level  of  earnings  and  a  very  wide  range 
with  a  large  number  in  the  groups  earning  30  cents  and  over  per 
hour. 

In  order  to  present  the  general  situation  as  regards  hourly  earnings 
in  the  simplest  form,  the  following  tables  have  been  prepared,  the 
first  of  which  needs  no  comment,  save  to  point  out  the  very  low  level 
of  earnings  in  the  blast  furnaces  as  compared  with  the  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills. 

The  second  of  these  tables  merely  separates  the  employees  into 
three  groups  according  to  earnings.  The  group  earning  under  18 
cents  per  hour  represents  almost  altogether  unskilled  labor;  the 
group  earning  18  and  under  25  cents  per  hour  represents  the  semi- 
skilled employees,  and  the  group  earning  25  cents  and  over  per  hour 
represents  skilled  employees. 


•     % 


SUMMARY  OF  WAGES  AND  HOURS  OF  LABOR. 


25 


PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  EARNING  EACH  CLASSIFIED  AMOUNT  PER  HOUR,  BY 

BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY. 


Branches  of  industry. 


Num- 
ber of 
plants. 


Nonna' 
number 
of  em- 
ployees 


Blast  furnaces 

Steel  works  and  rolling 
mills: 
Bessemer  convert- 
ers   

Open-hearth     fur- 
naces  

Puddling  mills  and 
crucible  furnaces. 

Rolling  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  steel  works 
and  rolling 

mills 

Power,  mechanical,  and 
yard  force 


Grand  total. 


156 

24 

80 

58 

212 

12 


1212 
168 


1338 


Per  cent  of  employees  earning  each  classified  amount  per  hour. 


Un- 
der 
12 
ots. 


31,354'  5.18 
5,618     .46 

I 

14,618:  3.22 

7,489   1.13 

43,631   2.27 

4,252    1.20 


75,608  2.14 
65.744'  1.20 


172,706    2.34 


12 
and 
un- 
der 

14 
ots. 


11.11 

.76 

6.16 

4.22 
3.48 
1.81 


3.77 
6.32 


5.69 


14 
and 
un- 
der 

10 
cts. 


15.41 

12.67 
10.67 
12.18 


16 
and 

un- 
der 

18 
cts. 


34.26 

33.14 
28.76 
10.36 


10.14|24.37 
5.76139.04 


10.39  25.31 
11. 93132. 76 


11.89  29.77 


18 
and 
un- 
der 

20 
cts. 


14.04 

10.89 

8.95 

4.90 
10.54 
18.27 


10.13 
11.10 


11.21 


20 
and 
un- 
der 

25 
cts. 


12.30 

15.72 

18.50 

15.74 
16.76 
22.20 


17.23 
15.05 


15.50 


25 
and 
na- 
der 

30 
cts.    cts. 


4.71 

8.92 

9.86 

13.51 
9.86 
3.76 


9.80 
11.07 


9.36 


30 
and 
un- 
der 

40 


2.75 

8.40 

8.65 

28.01 

10.42 

4.30 


40 
and 


un-    un 


50 
and 


der 

50 

cts. 


0.18 

4.68 

3.79 

4.19 
5.21 
1.41 


11.33 
9.63 


9.18 


4.58 
1.39 


2.57 


der 

60 
cts. 


60 
and 
un- 
der 
70 
cts. 


70 

cts. 

and 

over. 


0.06  0.01 


1.96 

.67 

4.47 
3.21 

.87 


2.62 

.38 


1.21 

.27 

.39 
1.74 
1.34 


1.26 
.13 


1.30     .60 


1.19 

.62 

.88 

2.03 

.02 


1.45 
.03 


.65 


1  Actual  number  of  plants.    The  total  number  of  plants  can  not  be  obtained  by  simple  addition  of  the 
number  of  plants  havmg  the  specified  departments,  as  many  plants  have  two  or  more  departments. 

NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  WHOSE  EARNINGS  FALL  WITHIN  CERTAIN 

SPECIFIED  WAGE  GROUPS,  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 


Departments 


Employees  In  productive 
tions: 
Blast  furnaces 
Bessemer  converters 
Open-hearth  furnaces 
Puddling  mills 
Crucible  furnaces 
Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 
Structural,  light  rail, 

shape  mills 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 
Miscellaneous  rod  mills 
TubemUls.. 


Total,  productive  occupations 

Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 
Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other 

shape  mills 

Miscellaneous  mechajilceil  mills. . . 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 
Tube  mills 

Total,  general  occupations 


•v 


26 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND    STEEL.   INDUSTRY. 


NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  WHOSE  EARNINGS  FALL  WITHIN  CERTAIN 
SPECIFIED  WAGE  GROUPS,  BY  DEPARTMENTS— Concluded. 


Departments. 


Power,  raechaulcal,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops 

Mechanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 

Total,  power,  mechanical,  and 
yard  force 

Grand  total 


Normal 
num- 
ber of 
em- 
ployees. 


6,037 
22,855 
3,221 
22,588 
3,864 
4,618 
2,561 


66,744 


172,706 


Aver- 
age 
earn- 
ings per 
houi:. 


Number  of  employees 
earning  per  hour— 


Per  cent  of  employees 
earning  per  hour — 


Under 

18 
cents. 


3,092 
18,580 

470 
5,960 

928 
2,942 
1,609 


33,671 


85,812 


18  and 
under 

25 
cents. 


2,549 
2,899 
1,351 
6,256 
1,960 
1,464 
720 


25 

cents 

and 

over. 


Under 

18 
cents. 


396 

1,376 

1,400 

10.372 

986 

212 

142 


61.22 
81.30 
14.59 
26.39 
24.02 
63.71 
66.34 


18  and 
under 

25 
cents. 


17,189     14,884      61.22 


46,132  I  40,762       49.69 


42.22 
12.68 
41.94 
27.70 
50.47 
31.70 
28.11 


26.15 


26.71 


26 

cents 
and 
over. 


6.56 

6.02 

43.46 

45.92 

26.62 

4.59 

5.54 


22.64 


23.60 


Almost  exactly  one-half,  49.69  per  cent,  of  the  172,706  employees 
earned  loss  than  18  cents  per  hour  and  were  practically  all  unskilled 
laborers;  26.71  per  cent  of  all  employees  earned  18  and  under  25 
cents  per  hour  and  were  largely  semiskilled  employees;  and  23.60  per 
cent  earned  25  cents  and  over  per  hour  and  were  skilled  employees. 

In  the  productive  occupations  of  the  blast  furnace  department 
72.30  per  cent  of  all  employees  earned  less  than  18  cents  per  hour 
and  were  practically  all  unskilled  laborers;  23.34  per  cent  earned  18 
and  under  25  cents  per  hour  and  were  largely  semiskilled  employees; 
and  only  4.36  per  cent  earned  25  cents  and  over  per  hour  and  were 
skilled  employees. 

The  lowest  per  cent  of  employees  in  productive  occupations  earn- 
ing less  than  18  cents  per  hour  and  the  highest  per  cent  earning  25 
cents  and  over  per  hour  were  in  the  puddling  mills;  less  than  18 
cents  was  earned  by  26.31  per  cent,  and  25  cents  and  over  by  54.52 
per  cent  of  the  employees  in  that  department. 

In  the  electric  power  and  repairs  and  the  shops  departments  the 
percentage  of  skilled  employees  earning  25  cents  and  over  per  hour 
was  unusually  large,  but  in  the  other  departments  of  the  power, 
mechanical,  and  yard  force,  except  mechanical  repairs,  the  proportion 
of  skilled  workmen  was  extremely  small  and  that  of  unskilled  work- 
men very  large. 

The  summary  which  follows  shows  in  cumulative  form  the  per  cent 
of  employees  earning  less  than  each  specified  amount  per  hour. 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


27 


PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  WHOSE  EARNINGS  PER  HOUR  FALL  BELOW  CERTAIN 

SPECIFIED  AMOUNTS,  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 


Normal 
num- 
ber of 
em- 
ploy- 
ees. 

Aver- 
age 

earn- 
ings 
per 

hour. 

Per  cent  of  employees  earning  per  hour— 

Departments. 

Un- 
derl4 
cents. 

Un- 
der 16 
cents. 

Un- 
der 18 
cents. 

Un- 
der 20 
cents. 

Un- 
der 25 
cents. 

Un- 
der 30 
cents. 

Un- 
der 40 
cents. 

Un- 
der 50 
cents. 

Employees  in  productive  oc- 
cupations: 
Blast  furnaces 

24,722 
4,927 

12,421 
6,447 
633 
4,485 
5,193 
.3,584 

3,160 

2,869 

16,148 

1,915 

864 

4,095 

$0,172 
.232 
.219 
.274 
.265 
.255 
.255 
.228 

.216 

.237 
.271 
.302 
.269 
.205 

17.83 
1.10 

10.45 
4.96 
7.11 
6.98 
7.95 
6.75 

2.54 

L71 
6.93 
3.86 
.68 
3.01 

34.79 
14.41 
20.26 
17.56 
16.01 
13.65 
18.16 
21.09 

18.39 

7.^ 
16.70 
8.40 
9.84 
8.94 

72.30 
47.59 
49.90 
26.31 
35.23 
40.78 
36.22 
47.93 

60.61 

43.82 
34.85 
33.99 
36.11 
49.18 

85.37 
67.37 
67.83 
30.81 
42.34 
48.83 
46.58 
55.77 

63.77 

54.66 
44.86 
44.69 
44.91 
67.20 

95.64 
71.56 
75.51 
45.48 

98.56 
80.35 
84.88 
59.42 

99.88 
89.71 
94.07 
89.82 
87.06 
85.56 
87.61 
88.97 

95.61 

89.34 
84.26 
75.08 
85.66 
96.24 

99.99 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddllnir  mills 

95.03 
98.33 
93.96 

Crucible  furnaces 

61. 77     70. 46 
61. 63     71. 20 
62. 85      75.  27 

94.00 

Bloomine  mills 

92.32 

Plate  mi  Is 

92.96 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and 

other  shape  mills 

Miscellaneous  mechanical 

mills 

75.16 

76.18 

72.75 
62.49 
56.86 
61.46 
88.37 

82.33 

86.59 

81.57 
72.48 
65.84 
72.57 
92.11 

94.24 
97.60 
94.12 

Bar  mills 

91.10 

Oarrett  rod  mills 

82.23 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills . . 
Tube  mills 

90.86 
97.68 

1 

Total,  productive  occu- 
pations   

91,463 

.223 

9.29 

21.28 

49.46 

59. 86     74. 81 

82.70     91.87 

96.63 

Employees  in  general  occupa- 
tions: 
Blast  furnaces 

6,632 
691 

2,197 

314 

95 

1,269 
748 
942 

332 

403 

1,178 

541 



....... 

10.51 
2.03 
3.23 

10.83 
2.11 
4.81 
1.87 
4.99 

2.41, 

2.48 
6.94 
8.50 

20.16 
10.13 
18.80 
26.75 
2.11 
14.50 
17.91 
16.24 

7.53 

6.20 
20.20 
23.11 

42.33 
42.98 
42.60 
47.45 
22.11 

69.97     79.81 

91.19 
98.26 
93.04 
90.13 
91.58 
94.48 
92.61 
98.30 

97.89 

95.53 
86.59 
92.79 

99.28 
99.86 
98.69 
98.09 
100.00 
99.84 
99.87 

100.00 

100.00 
98.05 
97.41 

99.73 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

61.79 
67.31 
54.46 
32.63 

88.42 
80.47 
78.66 
68.42 
87.08 
80.36 
86.84 

87.65 

86.35 
78.69 
84.47 

100.00 
99.73 
99.04 

Crucible  furnaces 

100.00 

Blooming  mills 

49.17  1  68.09 

100.00 

Plate  mi  Is 

62.14 
47.56 

64.76 

35.98 
49.32 
51.94 

61.50 
61.36 

72.89 

64.27 
62.05 
73.94 

99.87 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and 

other  shape  mills 

Miscellaneous  mechanical 

mills 

99.89 
100.00 
100.00 

Bar  mills 

98.90 

Garrett  rod  mills 

98.15 

Misopllanpoiis  rod  mills 

1 

Tube  mills 

157 

3.18 

4.46 

12.10 

36.94 

85.99 

90.45 

99.36 

100.00 

Total,  general  occupa- 
tions   

15,499 

6.96 

18.05 

44.60 

61.02 

81.72 

92.47 

99.17 

99.66 

Power,  mechanical,  and  yard 
force: 
Steam,  gas,  and  water  . . . 
Yard  and  transportation. . 
H)lectric  power  and  repairs 
Shops 

6,037 
22,855 
3,221 
22,588 
3,864 
4,618 
2,561 

2.19 
1  11.01 

1     2.83 
!     4.77 

!      .91 
i    4.63 
1    8.75 

1 

11.66 
28.93 
5.65 
11.02 
13.07 
19.47 
28.93 

51.22 
81.30 
14.59 
26.39 
24.02 
63.71 
66.34 

72.97 
86.48 
24.46 
37.50 
41.15 
82.20 
84.11 

93.44 
93.98 
56.54 
54.08 
74.48 
95.41 
94.46 

99.02 
98.18 
87.12 
72.06 
91.67 
99.05 
98.56 

99.90 
99.93 
99.91 
94.68 
99.15 
99.94 
99.73 

99.95 

99.94 

100.00 

98.60 

Mecnanical  repairs 

ShiDDing 

99.38 
99.98 

Miscellaneous 

100.00 

Total,  power,  mechani- 
cal, and  yard  force. . . 

65,744 

6.62 

18.45 

51.22 

62.31 

77.36 

88.43     98.07 

99.46 

Grand  total 

172,706 

8.03 

19.92 

49.69 

60.90 

76.40 

85.76     94.88 

97.45 

1 

Nearly  one-twelfth  of  all  employees  earned  less  than  14  cents  per 
hour,  and  almost  one-fifth,  19.92  per  cent,  of  all  employees  earned 
less  than  16  cents  per  hour.  In  10  of  the  14  departments  at  least 
one-eighth  of  all  employees  in  productive  occupations  earned  less 
than  16  cents  per  hour;  in  3  of  the  14  departments  at  least  one- 
fifth  of  all  employees  earned  less  than  16  cents  per  hour,  and  in  1 
department  more  than  one-third  of  all  employees  earned  less  than  16 


i 


^^^^  .,>\IV  «S^*" 


28 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND   STEEL   INDUSTRY. 


cents  per  hour.  In  the  general  occupations  the  most  noticeable 
feature  is  the  very  small  percentage  in  all  the  departments  earning 
40  cents  and  over  per  hour. 

EARNINGS,  BY  DEPARTMENTS  AND  DISTRICTS. 

In  the  sections  of  this  report  in  which  the  data  are  discussed  by 
departments,  earnings  in  the  several  districts  are  compared.    Earn- 
mgs  for  tlie  whole  iron  and  steel  industry  can  not  be  summarized 
by  districts  with  fairness  for  the  reason  that  in  certain  departments 
a  much  larger  proportion  of  unskiUed  labor  is  employed  than  in 
others,  and  the  earnings  for  the  department  are  therefore  less;  and 
the  proportion  of  departments  employing  large  numbers  of  unskilled 
men,  and  therefore  normally  having  low  earnings,  varies  materially 
m   the   several   districts.     Thus   a  comparison  of  earnings   in   the 
industry  as  a  whole  in  the  Pittsburgh  district  with  earnings  in  the 
Southern  district  would  be  decidedly  unfair  for  the  reason  that  in 
the  Southern  district  the  great  bulk  of  the  plants  reported  are  blast 
furnaces,  and  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  labor  is  therefore  un- 
skilled, while  in  the  Pittsburgh  district  every  department  of  the 
iron  and  steel  industry  is  represented;  and  in  other  departments  a 
much  smaller  proportion  of  the  employees  are  unskilled  than  is  the 
case  in  blast  furnaces.     Within  a  department  a  comparison  of  the 
earnings  in  the  various  districts  is  upon  a  fair  basis.     In  these 
tables  the  total  for  all  districts  includes  aU  plants,  but  data  as  to 
earnings  for  a  department  are  not  shown  for  any  district  from  which 
only  one  plant  reported  in  the  department  in  question.     Data  for 
the  Pacific  Coast  district  are  entirely  omitted  for  the  reason  that  only 
a  very  few  plants  are  located  in  that  district.     It  sliould  be  borne  in 
mind,  however,  that  all  plants  in  all  districts  are  included  in  the 
column  ''Total,  all  districts.'' 

AVERAGE  EARNINGS  PER  HOUR   OF   EMPLOYEES  IN  PRODUCTIVE  OCCUPATIONS 

IN  EACH  DEPARTMENT,  BY  DISTRICTS. 


Departments. 

New 
land. 

East- 
em. 

Pitts- 
burgh. 

Great 

Lakes 

and 

Middle 

West. 

South- 
ern. 

Total, 
all  dis- 
tricts. 

Blast  furnaces 

$0,172 

10.153 

10.186 
.241 
.230 
.291 
.248 
.276 
.266 
.228 
.232 
.239 
.278 
.324 
.269 
.204 

$0,183 
.226 
.220 
.322 

$0,138 

""".'196* 
.262 

Bessemer  converters 

$0,172 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

.221 
.219 
.267 
.222 

.191 
.264 
.267 
.230 
.244 
.205 
.216 

.232 

Puddling  mills 

.219 

Crucible  furnaces ..'.....'. 

.274 
.265 

Platemils 

.235 
.243 
.235 
.192 
.235 
.280 
.300 
.267 

.211 
■.*2i4* 

.256 

Standard  rail  mills 

.255 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills' 

.228 
.216 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills.. 

Bar  mills 

.252 

.247 
.287 

.237 

Garrett  rod  mills 

.271 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

.263 

.302 

Tubemills 

.269 
.205 

;«KSI»*^lg:»P 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


2» 


In  practically  every  department  the  average  earnings  by  districts 
varied  materially. 

In  blast  furnaces  the  district  with  the  lowest  average  was  the 
Southern  with  13.8  cents  and  the  second  lowest  the  Eastern  with 
15.3  cents.  The  New  England  district  was  next  in  order  with  17.2 
cents,  and  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  and  the  Pitts- 
burgh district  were  on  practically  the  same  level,  the  average  being 
18.3  and  18.6  cents,  respectively. 

In  the  open-hearth  department  the  average  ranged  from  19.1 
cents  in  the  Eastern  district  to  23  cents  in  the  Pittsburgh  district. 

In  puddling  mills  the  greatest  variations  are  shown;  the  lowest  aver- 
age, 21.9  cents,  is  for  the  New  England  district,  and  the  highest  aver- 
age, 32.2  cents,  is  for  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district,  the 
average  earnings  in  the  latter  district  being  about  47  per  cent  higher 
than  in  the  former  district. 

It  is  possible  to  compare  earnings  in  all  five  of  the  districts  in 
each  of  five  departments — blast  furnaces,  open-hearth  furnaces,  and 
puddling,  blooming,  and  bar  mills. 

The  Southern  district  shows  lower  average  earnings  than  any  of 
the  other  four  districts  in  blast  furnaces,  blooming  mills,  and  bar 
mills;  lower  than  any  other  except  the  Eastern  in  open  hearth;  and 
lower  than  any  other  except  the  New  England  in  puddling. 

The  Pittsburgh  district  shows  higher  average  earnings  than  any  of 
the  other  four  districts  in  blast  furnaces,  open-hearth  furnaces,  and 
blooming  mills  and  higher  than  any  other  except  the  Great  Lakes 
and  Middle  West  district  in  puddling  and  bar  mills. 

It  is  possible  to  compare  earnings  in  the  Eastern,  the  Pittsburgh, 
and  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  districts  in  nine  departments. 
In  seven  of  those  nine  departments  the  earnings  in  the  Eastern 
district  were  lower  than  in  either  of  the  other  two  districts,  and  in 
the  other  two  departinents  the  earnings  in  the  Eastern  district  were 
lower  than  in  the  Pittsburgh  district.  In  three  of  the  nine  depart- 
ments the  earnings  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district 
were  higher  than  in  either  the  Eastern  or  the  Pittsburgh  district. 
In  six  of  the  nine  departments  the  earnings  in  the  Pittsburgh  district 
were  higher  than  in  either  the  Eastern  district  or  the  Great  Lakes 
and  Middle  West  district. 

It  is  possible  to  compare  earnings  in  the  Pittsburgh  district  and 
in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  in  12  of  the  14  depart- 
ments. In  9  of  those  departments  the  earnings  were  lower  in  the 
Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  than  in  the  Pittsburgh  district. 

The  summary  wMch  follows  shows  by  districts  the  per  cent  of 
employees  in  each  department  earning  less  than  18  cents  per  hour. 
Data  for  a  department  are  not  shown  for  any  district  from  which 
only  one  plant  reported,  and  data  for  the  Pacific  Coast  district  are 


30 


LABOR    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND    STEEL   INDUSTRY. 


entirely  omitted  owing  to  the  small  number  of  plants  in  that  section 
of  the  country.  All  plants  and  all  districts,  however,  are  included 
in  the  column  ^*  Total,  all  districts." 


PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  IN  EACH  DEPARTMENT  EARNING  LESS  THAN  18  CENTS 

PER  HOUR,  BY  DISTRICTS. 


Departments. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddlinp  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Bloominc  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills ; 

Tube  mills 


Total,  productive  occupations. 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops 

Mechanical  repairs 

Shipping; 

Miscellaneous 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force. 
Grand  total 


New 
Eng- 
land. 


East- 
ern. 


73.78 


45.10 
58.78 
33.33 
22.58 


46.32 
'37*25' 


48.20 


55.93 


28.21 
47.50 
36.00 
38.46 


47.06 


42.54 


25.16 
73.28 


20.87 
11.63 
73.77 
46.15 


90.95 


67.98 
27. 59 
21.03 
45.23 
37.41 
53.39 
50.94 


40.82 
26.40 

81  .'42' 


54.31 


Pitts- 
burgh. 


61.40 

42.59 

44.46 

15.68 

49.08 

34.11 

33.82 

48.18. 

42.09 

44.26 

31.00 

32.20 

34.98 

49.83 


Great 

I^akes 

and 

Middle 

West. 


South- 
em. 


63.80  I  90.66 

51.97  41.32 

52.39  I  58.82 

14.05  i  40.54 


Total, 
all  dis- 
tricts. 


49.85 
38.46 
45.63 
63.63 
43.37 
32.98 
35.85 
37.37 


i     54.81 


62.31 

"26.*  66* 


,1. 


43.16 


65.04 
71.79 
59.77 
62. 51 
6.25 
72.30 
75.78 
56.29 
51.35 
33.33 
47.74 
62.86 


27.79 
39.66 
27.88 
32.39 
25. 81 
33.77 
34.01 
34.04 
44.74 
36.00 
62.89 
41.73 


49.67       78.38 


50.00       10.07 


31.29 
35.71 
37.76 
54.17 
28.57 
48.13 
43.21 
40.34 
73.97 
35.23 
31.75 
48.92 


70.48 
69.70 
61.29 


65.18 

"83.  ei 
i66.'66" 

79.71 
76.47 


61. 57       32. 62       38. 15       70.  77 


62.00 
81.32 
35.44 
37.40 
22.54 
82.48 
92.00 


47.93 
81.29 
12. 16 
25.50 
28.36 
61. 57 
50.30 


67.40 
79.60 
12.83 
23.63 
12.31 
58.43 
73.38 


70.83 
93.37 
10.66 
29. 5o 
27.80 
86.89 
97.06 


41. 85       59. 54       50.  65 


47.71       63.26 


45.79  1     56.43  1     45.68!     47.48       72.88 


72.30 
47.50 
49.89 
26.31 
35.23 
40.78 
36.22 
47.94 
50.60 
43.81 
34.87 
33.99 
36.11 
49.18 


49.45 


42.33 
42.98 
42.60 
47.45 
22.11 
49.17 
52.14 
47.56 
64.76 
35.98 
49.32 
51.94 


12.10 


44.60 


51.22 
81.30 
14.50 
26.39 
24.02 
63.71 
(i6.34 


51.22 


49.69 


Comparing  first  the  employees  in  the  productive  occupations,  in 
several  of  the  departments  the  districts  vary  materially  in  the 
proportion  of  employees  earning  less  than  18  cents  per  hour,  while 
within  a  few  of  the  departments  there  is  an  unusual  agreement. 

The  puddling  department  shows  the  greatest  variation.  In  that 
department  less  than  18  cents  per  hour  was  earned  by  58.78  per  cent 
of  the  employees  in  productive  occupations  in  the  New  England 
district,  40.54  per  cent  in  the  Southern  district,  27.59  per  cent  in 
the  Eastern  district,  15.68  per  cent  in  the  Pittsburgh  district,  and 
14.95  per  cent  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district. 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


31 


The  plate  mills  show  but  slight  variations  by  districts.  In  that 
department  less  than  18  cents  per  hour  was  earned  by  38.46  per  cent 
of  the  employees  in  productive  occupations  in  the  Great  Lakes  and 
Middle  West  district,  37.41  per  cent  in  the  Eastern  district,  and  33.82 
per  cent  in  the  Pittsburgh  district. 

In  the  five  departments  in  which  earnings  may  be  compared  in  all 
five  of  the  districts,  the  Southern  district  shows  a  larger  per  cent  of 
employees  earning  less  than  18  cents  per  hour  than  any  of  the  other 
four  districts  in  open-hearth  furnaces,  blooming  mills,  and  bar  mills; 
larger  than  any  other  except  the  Eastern  in  blast  furnaces;  and  larger 
than  any  other  except  New  England  in  puddling  mills. 

The  Pittsburgh  district  shows  a  smaller  per  cent  of  employees 
earning  less  than  18  cents  per  hour  than  any  of  the  other  four  districts 
in  blast  furnaces,  open-hearth  furnaces,  and  bar  mills;  smaller  than 
any  other  except  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  in  pud- 
dling mills;  and  smaller  than  any  other  except  the  New  England  in 
blooming  mills. 

Earnings  may  be  compared  in  the  Pittsburgh  district  with  earnings 
in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Mddle  West  district  in  12  departments.  In 
9  of  these  12  departments  the  per  cent  of  employees  earning  less  than 
18  cents  per  hour  was  greater  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  ^liddle  West 
district  than  in  the  Pittsburgh  district. 

Comparing  now  the  departments  of  the  power,  mechanical,  and 
yard  force  in  the  different  districts,  it  is  seen  that  in  general  the  vari- 
ations between  the  different  districts  are  much  less  than  in  the  pro- 
ducing departments.  This  is  particularly  true  in  the  yard  and  trans- 
portation, electric  power  and  repairs,  and  shops  departments,  where 
there  is  a  remarkably  close  correspondence  of  the  different  districts. 
The  closer  correspondence  of  the  Southern  district  with  the  other 
districts  in  these  departments  is  largely  explained  by  the  fact  that 
except  for  unskilled  laborers,  the  only  class  of  workmen  largely  earn- 
ing under  18  cents  per  hour  are  the  handy  men  and  low-grade  mechan- 
ics. For  this  class  of  labor,  for  whom  there  is  a  large  demand  in  other 
industries,  the  plants  in  the  Southern  district  pay  very  nearly  as. 
much  as  in  the  other  districts  and  decidedly  more  than  in  the  Eastern 
district.  The  same  condition  as  regards  the  more  highly  skilled 
mechanics  earning  25  cents  and  over  per  hour  is  shown  in  the  table 
which  follows. 

The  summary  which  follows  shows  by  districts  the  per  cent  of 
employees  in  each  department  earning  25  cents  and  over  per  hour. 
Data  for  a  department  are  not  shown  for  any  district  from  which 
only  one  plant  reported,  and  data  for  the  Pacific  Coast  district  are 
entirely  omitted  owing  to  the  small  number  of  plants  in  that  section 
of  the  country.  All  plants  and  all  districts,  however,  are  included 
in  the  column  ''Total,  all  districts." 


w 


32 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND   STEEL.  INDUSTRY. 


PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  IN  EACH  DEPARTMENT  EARNING  25  CENTS  AND  OVER 

PER  HOUR,  BY  DISTRICTS. 


DeiMitments. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills ^ 

Crucible  furnaces 

Bloomiaa:  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  productive  occupations 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills , 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


New 

Ene- 
land. 


East- 
ern. 


6.42 


23.53 
39.08 
39.01 
30.11 


35.07 
'38,'56 


31.88 


10.17 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops 

Mechanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force 
Grand  total 


25.64 

30.00 

20.00 

3.85 


38.24 
100.00 


1.70 


17.28 
47.24 
41.54 
32.57 
33.48 
21.90 
19.50 


33.59 
44.40 


9.51 


24.52 


9.17 


23.88 


10.06 
4.74 
58.97 
52.18 
30.23 
13.11 
7.69 


11.99 
17.32 
31.25 

4.69 
10.03 

3.97 
13.51 
50.00 
23.87 
11.43 


Pitts- 
burgh. 


5.50 

36.32 
28.04 
70.19 
34.60 
47.01 
40.79 
32.26 
32.48 
28.36 
38.38 
42.72 
34.65 
11.35 


28.48 


Great 
Lakes 
and 
Middle 
West. 


6.12 
19.57 
24.44 
60.56 


26.94 
32.37 
24.81 
11.72 
25.25 
40.46 
43.04 
40.21 


25.05 


30.00 


11.69 


6.99 

3.42 

34.83 

40.28 

37.31 


27.22 


29.86 


88 
18 


20.20 


22.07 


23.98 
11.49 
28.32 
30.99 
32.26 
15.45 
28.62 
35.46 
15.79 
8.80 
6.84 
16.55 


13.67 


21.55 


5.94 

7.16 

40.83 

45.44 

24.54 

3.97 

5.85 


South- 
ern. 


1.66 
20.46 
21.64 
58.11 


Total, 
aU  dis- 
tricts. 


30.96 


22.10 


65.00 


9.58 


4.35 
28.44 
24.50 
54.52 
38.23 
38.37 
37.15 
24.83 
23.83 
27.26 
37.52 
43.13 
38.54 
11.62 


25.20 


25.16 
13.03 
19.03 
8.33 
71.43 
14.37 
20.37 
11.17 
10.96 
15.53 
33.53 
13.67 


20.12 


21.19 


24.96 


6.69 

6.19 

48.95 

48.09 

21.34 

6.93 

7.62 


13.62 

13.64 
12.37 


15.18 
■7.' 38' 


11.59 
17.65 


13.25 


16.67 
.49 
48.36 
46. 13 
30.49 
1.64 


20.19 
11.58 
19.63 
21.34 
31.58 
12.92 
19.66 
13.16 
12.35 
13.65 
21.31 
15.53 


14.01 


18.28 


26.24 


24.90 


20.48 


6.56 

6.02 

43.46 

45.92 

25.52 

4.59 

5.54 


22.64 


13.26         23.60 


Comparing  first  the  employees  in  productive  occupations  in  some 
departments  marked  variations  and  in  others  unusual  agreements  are 
shown  in  the  proportion  of  employees  earning  25  cents  and  over  per 
hour. 

The  blast-furnace  department  shows  considerable  variation,  but  the 
greatest  proportion  of  employees  in  productive  occupations  in  that 
department  earning  25  cents  and  over  in  any  district  is  only  6.42  per 
cent.  Twenty-five  cents  and  over  per  hour  was  earned  by  only  1.66 
per  cent  of  the  employees  in  the  Southern  district,  1.70  per  cent  in 
the  Eastern  district,  5.50  per  cent  in  the  Pittsburgh  district,  6.12 
per  cent  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district,  and  6.42  per 
cent  in  the  New  England  district. 

The  Garrett  rod  mills  show  but  slight  variations  by  districts. 
Twenty-five  cents  and  over  per  hour  was  earned  by  44.40  per  cent  of 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND    HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


33 


the  employees  in  productive  occupations  in  the  Eastern  district,  43.04 
per  cent  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district,  and  42.72  per 
cent  in  the  Pittsburgh  district. 

Earnings  may  be  compared  in  all  ^ve  of  the  districts  in  five  depart- 
ments. The  districts  showing  the  smallest  per  cent  earning  25  cents 
and  over  per  hour  were  the  Southern  in  blast  furnaces  and  in  bar  mills; 
the  New  England,  in  puddling  mills;  the  Eastern,  in  open-hearth  fur- 
naces; and  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  in  blooming  mills.  The 
Pittsburgh  district  shows  a  larger  per  cent  than  any  other  district 
earning  25  cents  and  over  per  hour  in  open-liearth  furnaces,  puddling 
mills,  and  blooming  mills. 

In  8  of  the  12  departments  in  which  it  is  possible  to  compare  the 
Pittsburgh  district  and  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  the 
per  cent  earning  25  cents  and  over  per  hour  was  smaller  in  the  Great 
Lakes  and  IMiddle  West  district  than  in  the  Pittsburgh  district. 

The  point  developed  in  the  discus.sion  of  the  preceding  table  that 
the  wages  of  workmen  in  mechanical  trades  are  much  more  nearly 
standardized  in  the  different  districts  than  of  the  employees  in  the 
productive  occupations,  who  are  dependent  almost  entirely  on  the 
iron  and  steel  industry  for  employment,  is  borne  out  strikingly  in 
the  above  table.  Taking  the  three  departments  in  which  such  work- 
men are  chiefly  employed,  the  electric  power  and  repairs,  the  shops, 
and  the  mechanical  repairs  departments,  the  close  agreement  of  the 
different  districts  in  the  proportion  earning  25  cents  and  over  per 
hour  is  remarkable. 

EARNINGS  OF  COMMON  LABORERS. 

The  most  satisfactory  comparison  between  the  different  districts, 
however,  can  be  made  by  considering  the  earnings  of  the  common, 
unskilled  laborers,  who,  as  a  rule,  have  no  regular  specified  duties, 
but  who  are  shifted  from  job  to  job  as  the  occasion  ma}^  require. 
For  this  class  the  department  in  which  the  laborers  may  be  employed 
has  no  significance  inasmuch  as  they  perform  about  the  same  kind 
of  work  in  all  the  departments  and,  furthermore,  are  frequently 
shifted  from  one  department  to  another.  This  class  is  of  the  greatest 
importance  in  the  industry,  not  only  because  of  the  very  large  pro- 
portion employed,  but  even  more  because  their  wage  forms  the  base 
rate  of  the  entire  industry,  above  which  the  wages  of  the  other 
employees  are  graded. 

In  the  following  table  are  shown  the  earnings  of  the  laborers  in  pro- 
ductive departments  in  each  of  the  districts.  It  should  be  noted  that 
the  number  shown  in  the  table  which  follows  does  not  include  by  any 
means  all  the  unskilled  workmen  in  the  industry,  but  only  those  who 
15161°— S.  Doc.  301,  62-2 3 


ms 


w^pi 


mmmi^ 


^ap-.-  -  atfe-'j 


-ki:,i^'^;%^ 


.-^^ii.  t. 


^.AW'9«-..-.--«t 


I"  "S»g>-- 


34 


LABOR    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND    STEEL.   INDUSTRY. 


are  known  in  the  industry  as  ^'common  laborers."  In  addition  to 
these  there  is  an  equally  large  number  of  workmen,  such  for  example 
as  the  stockers  in  the  various  departments,  who  are  also  unskilled 
but  who  have  a  specified  and  regular  set  of  duties  and  who  are  con- 
sequently given  a  specified  occupation  designation. 

PER  CENT  OF  COMMON  LABORERS  IN  PRODUCING  DEPARTMENTS  EARNING  EACH 

CLASSIFIED  AMOUNT  PER  HOUR,  BY  DISTRICTS. 


Per  cent  of  laborers  earning  each  classified  amount  per  hour. 


Districts. 


Now  England , 

Bastem , 

Pittsburgh 8;598 

Great    Lakes   and    Middle 


Under 

10 
cents. 


10  and 
under 

12 
cents. 


0.40 


2.22 
.19 


West 

Soutiiem 

Pacific  Coast. 


TottU. 


5,401 

1,387 

20 


.163 
.125 
.222 


3.89  ,    28.41 


12  and 
under 

14 
cents. 


7.05 

41.99 

4.66 

.09 
5L98 


10,620  I      .158  ;        .36  i      2.51       13.93 


14  and 
under 

16 
cents. 


16  and 
under 

18 
cents. 


62.39  30.13 
52.48  2.35 
10.29      83.66 


27.22 
16.07 


71.01 
.65 


24.58 


57.42 


18  and 
under 

20 
cents. 


0.43 


1.20 
L61 


.98 


20  and 
under 

25 
cents. 


0.56 
.07 


100.00 


.23 


In  the  above  table  the  wide  variation  between  the  common-labor 
rates  for  the  different  districts  is  strikingly  shown.  The  Pittsburgh 
district,  for  example,  shows  average  earnings  per  hour  4  cents  higher 
than  the  rate  in  the  Southern  district  and  2.5  cents  higher  than  the 
rate  in  the  Eastern  district,  and  the  same  proportions  hold  in  regard 
to  the  predominant  rates  in  these  districts.  The  Pittsburgh  and 
Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West;  districts  were  very  nearly  together,  the 
difference  arising  chiefly  from  the  larger  proportion  in  the  Great 
Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  earning  less  than  16  cents  per  hour. 
The  Southern  district  was  far  below  any  of  the  others,  with  the  New 
England  and  Eastern  districts  lying  between  it  and  the  remaining 
districts. 

In  the  Southern  district  all  but  two-thirds  of  1  per  cent  earned  less 
than  16  cents  per  hour.  In  the  Eastern  district  all  but  2.91  per  cent 
and  in  the  New  England  district  all  but  30.56  per  cent  earned  less 
than  16  cents,  while  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district 
only  27.31  per  cent,  and  in  the  Pittsburgh  district  only  15.14  per  cent 
earned  less  than  16  cents  per  hour. 

Furthermore,  in  the  Southern  district  84.28  per  cent  earned  less 
than  14  cents,  which  was  practically  double  the  proportion  earning 
under  14  cents  in  the  Eastern  district  and  more  than  ten  times  greater 
than  the  proportion  earning  less  than  14  cents  in  any  of  the  other 
districts.  Almost  one-third  of  all  the  laborers  in  the  Southern  dis- 
trict earned  less  than  12  cents  per  hour,  which  is  many  times  greater 
than  the  proportion  in  any  other  district. 


•WHM^fi 


SUMMAIIY   OF    WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


35 


In  the  table  which  follows  are  shown  the  earnings  of  the  laborers 
in  all  departments  in  each  of  the  districts.  In  this  table  the  average 
earnings  per  hour  are  not  shown  on  account  of  the  large  amount  of 
work  involved  in  this  calculation. 

PER   CENT  OF  COMMON   LABORERS   IN  ALL  DEPARTMENTS  EARNING  EACH  CLAS- 
SIFIED AMOUNT  PER  HOUR.  BY  DISTRICTS. 


Districts. 


New  England 

Eastern 

Pittsburgli 

Great   Lakes  and   Middle 

West 

Southern 

Pacific  Coast 

Total 


Number 
of  em- 
ployees. 


809 

5,620 

18,924 

11,067 

2,980 

68 


39,468 


Per  cent  of  laborers  earning  each  classified  amount  per  hour. 


Un- 
der 10 
cents. 


0.28 


1.81 


10     '      12  14     !      16 

and   I    and   i    and   ;    and 

under   under   under  i  under 


12 
cents. 


14     ;     16 
cents,   cents. 


2.15 
.16 


4.08 

39.36 

8.33 


.01  I      .20 
14.93  i  49.16 


18 
cents. 


58.71  34.98 

53.72  3.77 
14.35     74.87 


21.53 


76.46 


30.91  j    3.15 


,18 


1.51     13.45     24.n 


58.83 


18 

and 

under 

20 
cents. 


2.22 

.28 

1.18 

1.53 
.03 


20 

and 

under 

25 
cents. 


0.43 
1.05 

.27 

86.' 76 


LOS 


.79 


25 

and 

under 

30 
cents. 


0.05 


13.24 


.05 


30 

and 

under 

40 
cents. 


0.01 


0) 


1  Less  than  one-hundredth  of  1  per  cent. 

Less  than  2  per  cent  of  all  the  common  laborers  in  the  industry 
received  less  than  12  cents,  and  less  than  2  per  cent  received  18 
cents  and  over  per  hour.  Of  all  the  laborers,  96.39  per  cent  earned 
12  and  under  18  cents  per  hour.  Of  all  the  laborers,  five-sixths, 
or  82.94  per  cent,  earned  14  and  under  18  cents  per  hour.  In  the 
New  England  and  Eastern  districts  the  largest  single  groups  earned 
14  and  under  16  cents  per  hour;  in  the  Pittsburgh  and  the  Great 
Lakes  and  Middle  West  districts  the  largest  groups,  including  approxi- 
mately three-fourths  of  all  the  laborers,  earned  16  and  under  18 
cents  per  hour,  and  in  the  Southern  district  the  largest  group  earned 
12  and  under  14  cents  per  hour,  although  there  was  also  a  very  large 
group  earning  14  and  under  16  cents  per  hour.  All  of  the  laborers 
in  the  Pacific  Coast  district  earned  20  cents  and  over  per  hour.  With 
regard  to  the  laborers  reported  as  earning  more  than  20  cents  per 
hour  in  the  other  districts,  it  may  be  said  that  in  each  case  they  were 
working  unusually  short  hours  at  very  heavy  work,  and  that  their 
daily  earnings  on  account  of  the  short  hours  were  very  little  above 
the  daily  earnings  of  employees  w^orking  longer  hours  at  a  lower 
hourly  rate  of  wages.  The  laborers  reported  as  earning  less  than  12 
cents  per  hour  in  every  district  except  the  Southern  were,  for  the  most 
part,  below  the  average  of  efficiency  either  because  of  youth  and 
inexperience  or  because  of  old  age  and  physical  disability. 

Everywhere  except  in  the  South  practically  all  included  within 
this  class  of  unskilled  workmen  are  recent  immigrants,  the  greater 
number  of  whom  do  not  speak  or  understand  EngHsh.    Even  in  the 


36 


LABOR    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND    STP:EL   INDUSTRY. 


South  there  is  a  rapidly  increasing  number  of  immigrants  in  the  indus- 
try. Of  the  employees  in  all  occupations  nearly  60  per  cent  are 
foreign  born  and  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  foreign  born  are  of  the 
Slavic  races. 

Great  as  is  the  proportion  of  unskilled  labor  in  the  iron  and  steel 
industry,  steel  experts  have  noted  the  fact  that  the  tendency  of  recent 
years  has  been  constantly  toward  the  reduction  of  the  number  of 
highly  skilled  men  employed  and  the  establishment  of  the  general 
wage  on  the  basis  of  common,  unskilled  labor.^  Each  year  sees  a 
larger  use  of  mechanical  appliances  which  unskilled  labor  is  usually 
competent  to  control.  * 

HOURS  OF  LABOR,  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 

Approximately  two-fifths,  42.58  per  cent,  of  the  172,671  employees 
for  whom  working  time  was  reported  worked  72  hours  and  over  per 
week,  which  is,  in  effect,  at  least  12  hours  per  day,  and  approximately 
one-fifth,  20. 59  per  cent,  worked  84  hours  and  over  per  week,  which  is, 
in  effect,  12  hours  per  day  for  every  day  of  the  week.  Only  37.02 
per  cent  of  all  employees  had  a  week  as  short  as  60  hours,  although 
in  most  industries  60  hours  has  come  to  be  regarded  as  the  maximum 
working  week. 

The  summary  which  follows  shows  by  means  of  cumulative  per- 
centages the  classified  customary  hours  per  week  for  each  of  the 
departments.  The  average  hours  per  week  were  calculated  for  the 
employees  in  productive  occupations  only,  on  account  of  the  large 
amount  of  work  involved. 

1  Compare  the  statement  made  by  lifr.  J.  Stephen  Jeans,  secretary  of  the  British  Iron  Trade  Association, 
after  a  very  thorough  study  in  1902  of  American  steel  plants:  "  The  tendency  in  the  American  steel  industry 
is  to  reduce  by  every  possible  means  the  number  of  highly  skilled  men  employed  and  more  and  more  to 
establish  the  general  wage  on  the  basis  of  common  unskilled  labor.  This  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  it  becomes 
every  year  more  accentuated  as  a  result  of  the  use  of  automatic  appliances  which  unskilled  labor  is  usually 
competent  to  control."  (American  Industrial  Conditions  and  Competition.  Edited  by  J.  Stephen  Jeans^ 
p.  317.) 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


37 


PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING  EACH  SPECIFIED  NUMBER  OF 

HOURS  PER  WEEK.  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 


Departments. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  productive  occupations. 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters • 

Open-hearth  furnaces • 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas.  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  i>ower  and  repairs 

Shop 

Mecnanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force. 
Grand  total 


Normal 
number 
of  em- 
ployees. 


1  24,689 

4,927 
12,421 
6,447 
633 
4,485 
5,193 
3,584 
3,160 
2,869 

2  16,146 

1,915 

864 

4,095 


Average 
custom- 
ary hours 
per  week 


Per  cent  of  employees  whose 
customary  working  time 
per  week  was — 


78.9 
69.5 
74.5 
55.2 
64.3 
69.6 
66.0 
72.5 
70.0 
70.2 
61.1 
66.1 
65.8 
62.0 


92.13 
80.68 
92.38 
23.03 
65.40 
81.58 
78.30 


72  hours 
and  over. 


72.76 
62.90 
75.48 
1.09 
21.17 
68.31 
30.93 


84  hours 
and  over. 


67.11 

17.15 

20.67 

.06 

.95 


11.55 
4.37 


» 91,428 


6,632 
691 

2,197 

314 

95 

1,269 
748 
942 
332 
403 

1,178 
641 


157 


15,499 


69.8 


89.76 

76.95 

17.41 

78.58 

66.36 

15.57 

91.60 

57.62 

7.18 

45.59 

14.94 

1.08 

83.34 

35.20 

3.50 

83.33 

18.29 

1.62 

33.16 

2.12 

.39 

73.48 

49.38 

24.41 

78.71 
92.76 
89.39 
34.39 
57.89 
92.36 
83.69 
94.80 
71.69 
87.10 
49.83 
74.86 


52.86 
84.95 
80.88 
14.97 
38.95 
80.54 
60.03 
85.24 
67.17 
72.46 
25.72 
43.25 


46.70 
24.75 
40.51 

4.46 
26.32 
38.46 
20.19 
29.19 
30.42 
28.29 

8.23 
13.12 


59.87 


45.22 


31.85 


79.71 


60.33 


35.77 


6,037 
22,855 
3,221 
22,588 
3,864 
4,618 
2,561 


91.29 
43.45 
50.61 
22.71 
54.04 
57.49 
88.75 


79.39 
27.66 
32.44 
9.29 
27.33 
38.41 
75.71 


52.34 
8.78 

18.19 
1.58 

11.23 
.54 

43.81 


65,744 


44.44 


28.94 


11.70 


» 172,671 


62.98 


42.58 


20.59 


I  Not  including  33  employees  who  worked  irregular  hours. 
» Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  irregular  hours. 
3  Not  including  35  employees  who  worked  irregular  hours. 

For  the  employees  in  productive  occupations  the  customary  hours 
per  week  were  longest  in  the  blast-furnace  department  and  shortest 
in  the  puddling-mill  department.  In  the  blast  furnaces  the  average 
customary  working  time  per  week  for  the  24,689  employees  was  78.9 
hours;  67.11  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  employees  customarily 
worked  at  least  84  hours  per  week,  which  is,  in  effect,  12  hours  per 
day  for  7  days  per  week;  and  more  than  nine-tenths,  92.13  per  cent, 
customarily  worked  more  than  60  hours  per  week.  It  is  worthy  of 
note,  however,  that  in  the  open-hearth  and  the  standard  rail  depart- 
ments a  larger  proportion  of  employees  than  even  in  the  blast  fur- 
naces were  working  72  liours  and  over  per  week. 


38 


LABOR    CONDITIONS    IN    IRON    AND    STEEL.   INDUSTRY. 


In  the  puddling  mills,  with  the  shortest  hours  per  week  of  any 
department,  the  average  customary  working  time  per  week  for  the 
6,447  employees  was  55.2  hours;  approximately  one-fourth,  23.03 
per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  employees  customarily  worked  more 
than  60  hours  per  week.  In  the  bar  mills,  in  which  there  were  16,146 
employees,  the  average  customary  working  time  per  week  was  61.1 
hours;  45.59  per  cent  worked  over  60  hours  and  14.94  per  cent  worked 
72  hours  and  over.  The  hours  in  this  department  are  much  shorter 
than  in  any  of  the  other  rolling  mills.  Both  the  puddling  mills  and 
the  bar  mills  are  and  for  many  years  have  been  to  a  large  extent 
organized;  the  tube  mills,  on  the  other  hand,  which  show  almost 
equally  short  hours,  have  never  been  organized. 

In  each  of  7  of  the  14  departments  more  than  one-half  of  the  em- 
ployees customarily  worked  72  hours  and  over  per  week.  Eighty- 
four  hours  and  over  per  week  was  the  customary  working  time  for 
67.11  per  cent  of  the  employees  in  the  blast  furnaces  and  for  from 
20.67  per  cent  to  11.55  per  cent  of  all  employees  in  each  of  five 
other  departments. 

In  the  general  occupations  the  large  proportions  shoA\Ti  as  working 
84  hours  and  over  in  most  of  the  departments  are  firemen,  and  gas- 
producer  men,  and  in  large  part  machinists  and  other  repair  men 
who  make  repairs  while  the  mills  are  shut  down.  It  may  be  noted 
that  in  the  puddling  mills  and  bar  mills,  for  which  the  shortest  hours 
in  the  productive  occupations  were  reported,  there  are  also  very 
small  pro])ortions  in  the  general  occupations  working  the  longer 
hours.  This  is  due  in  part  to  the  fact  that  these  departments 
ordinarily  have  no  gas  producers  attached,  but  much  more  to  the 
fact  that  these  departments  are  ordinarily  not  operated  on  Saturday 
night,  so  that  the  repair  men  can  get  their  work  done  without  work- 
ing on  Sunday. 

In  the  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force,  the  departments  fall 
into  three  groups  as  regards  working  time.  First,  the  steam,  gas, 
and  water  and  the  miscellaneous  departments  showing  the  longest 
hours.  The  reason  for  the  long  hours  in  the  first  of  these  two  is 
obvious,  as  it  includes  the  firemen  and  others,  one  shift  of  whom 
must  be  on  duty  continuously.  In  the  miscellaneous  department 
are  included  the  watchmen,  which  sufficiently  explains  the  long 
hours  in  that  depailment.  The  second  group  contains  the  two 
repair  departments,  many  of  the  employees  in  which  must  work 
when  the  rest  of  the  mill  is  shut  down.  It  also  contains  the  3^ard  and 
transportation  and  shipping  departments,  which  are  chiefly  con- 
cerned with  handling  the  materials  and  products  for  the  producing 
departments,  and  whose  hours  are  therefore  very  largely  dependent 
on  the  way  in  which  the  producing  departments  are  operated.  Thle 
hours  for  this  group  as  a  whole  are  much  shorter  than  for  the  first 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


39 


group.  The  third  group  contains  only  the  shops  which  are  operated 
practically  independently  of  the  producing  (lc})artments,  and  in 
which  the  hours  are  shorter  than  anywhere  else  in  the  industry.  It 
is  worthy  of  note,  however,  that  in  the  shops,  where  practically  any 
schedule  of  hours  can  be  put  into  effect,  more  than  one-fifth,  22.71 
per  cent,  of  all  the  employees  work  over  60  hours.  In  most  com- 
mercial machine  shops,  60  hours  is  regarded  as  the  maximum  week, 
and  the  union  scale  for  machinists  provides  for  a  working  week  of 
less  than  55  hours  in  the  majority  of  cities  in  the  United  States. 
In  all  but  3  of  28  cities  for  which  data  are  available  the  working 
hours  of  union  machinists  were  55  hours  or  less. 

The  tables  which  follow  show  in  detail  for  each  of  the  departments 
the  number  and  per  cent  of  employees  customarily  working  each 
classified  number  of  hours  per  week.  The  first  section  of  the  table 
shows  numbers  and  the  second  section  percentages. 


4 


t'j 


3 


40 


LABOR    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND    STEEL   INDUSTRY. 


AVERAGE  CUSTOMARY  WORKING  UOURS  PER  WEEK  AND  NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT 

PER  WEEK,  BY 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


41 


OF  EMPLOYEES  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING  EACH  CLASSIFIED  NUMBER  OF  HOURS 
DEPARTMENTS. 


Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 


1 
2 
3 
4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


15 
If) 
17 
18 
19 
% 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 


SB 
SO 
U 
12 
» 
M 
3S 


DeparUiionts. 


Number  of 
plants. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces , 

Puddling  mills , 

Crucible  furnaces , 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total  productive  occupations. 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills ] . 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops 

Mecnanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


Total  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force. 
Grand  total 


Normal 
number  of 
employees. 


156 
24 
80 
47 
11 
51 
34 
10 
16 
27 
115 
19 
11 
12 


153 
24 
67 
34 
11 
48 
31 
10 
13 
23 
76 
IB 


124,680 
4,927 
12,421 
6,447 
fi33 
4,485 
5,193 

3,160 
2,869 
s 16,146 
1,915 
864 
4,095 


Average 
customary 

working 

hours  per 

week. 


•91,428 


11 


6,632 
691 

2,197 

314 

95 

1,260 
748 
942 
332 
403 

1,178 
541 


157 


15,499 


6,037 
22,855 
3,221 
22,588 
3,864 
4,618 
2,561 


65,744 
»  172.671 


78.9 
60.5 
74.5 
55.2 
04.3 
69.6 
66.0 
72.5 
70.0 
70.2 
61.1 
(36.1 
65.8 
62.0 


69.8 


1 5®!  including  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  only  and  2  employees  who  worked  3  days  only. 
«  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  1  day  only.  '        ^ 


*      » 


Number  of  employees  whose  customary  working  hours  per  week  were— 


48  and 
under. 


10 

611 

14 

1,143 


474 
424 
182 
100 

105 

1,737 

117 


Over  48 

and  under 

56. 


4,917 


22 
3 
2 

7 


37 


3 

52 

3 

138 

3 


20 


219 


6,173 


29 

149 

51 

2,868 

94 

7 

196 


56  and 
under  60. 


8 

2 

2,26(> 

101 

2 


5.773 


28 


5 
40 
22 
21 

4 


209 
98 

136 

108 
23 
66 

113 
15 

248 

3 

2,286 

78 

54 

245 


60. 


3,682 


3 

2 

134 

20 


279 


21 
723 

39 

1,256 

102 

146 

33 


2,320 


8,372 


111 
21 
96 
6 
3 
16 
27 


20 

1 

196 

16 


1,694 

94 

745 

843 

102 

279 

394 

170 

321 

131 

2,496 

23 

88 

2,492 


9,872 


14 


527 


57 

2,763 

245 

2,989 

339 

613 

83 


7,089 


11,298 


1,251 

26 

130 

153 

15 

60 

91 

49 

68 

49 

261 

100 


Over  60 

and  under 

72. 


4,784 
876 

2,100 

1,415 
280 
595 

2,460 
459 
386 
975 

4,948 
922 
562 

1,271 


72. 


22,033 


49 


2,302 


445 

9,386 
1,304 
13,076 
1,33? 
1,204 
152 


26,899 


39,073 


1,714 

54 

187 

61 

18 

150 

177 

90 

15 

59 

284 

171 


308 

1,828 

3,241 

58 

113 
2,262 
1,281 
2,122 
1,543 
1,252 
2,105 

599 

137 
53 


16,902 


23 


3,003 


718 
3,610 

585 
3,030 
1,032 

881 

334 


10,190 


137 
333 
433 
19 
3 
437 
228 
512 
119 
102 
162 
153 


13 


Over  72 
and  un- 
der 84. 


1,086 

426 

3,567 

8 

15 

284 

98 

12 

62 

195 

141 

8 

7 

18 


5,927 


272 
83 

454 
14 
9 
97 
70 
16 
3 
76 
44 
10 


84. 


16,545 

790 

2.540 

4 

6 

505 

226 

624 

492 

206 

151 

67 

12 

6 


Over  84. 


22,174 


2,651 


925 
3,436 

276 
1,004 

295 
1,462 

596 


7,994 


35,226 


27,547 


8 


1,156 


708 
878 
183 
737 
327 
287 
221 


3,341 


10,424 


3,082 

169 

884 

14 

25 

485 

151 

276 

101 

111 

94 

71 


50 


5,512 


3,145 

1,973 

554 

243 

414 

25 

1,082 


7,436 


35,122 


24 
55 
27 


V 


16 


2 
10 


Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


148 


15 
2 
6 


3 
3 


32 


15 
34 
32 
115 
20 


40 


256 


436 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 


29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 


»  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  1  day  only;  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  only,  and  2 
employees  who  worked  3  days  only.  j         j> 


r74 

r4 


I 


i 


42 


LABOR    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND   STEEL   INDUSTRY. 


AVERAGE  CUSTOMARY  WORKING  HOURS  PER  WEEK  AND  NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT 

PER  WEEK,  BY 


Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 


1 

2 

3 
4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
•22 
23 
24 
25 
28 
27 
28 


29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 


Departments. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

PlaU>  mills , .  •  ■ 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

« Jarrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Totiil,  productive  occupations. 


Average 

xT..^u..,  ^r      Normal      customary 
Xnt«        number  of  ,    working 
piauis.       employees,  i  hours  per 

week. 


156 
24 
80 
47 
11 
51 
34 
10 
16 
27 

U5 
19 
11 
12 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Oi)en-hearth  furnaces 

I'uddling  mills 

Crucible  fumaws 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops 

Mechanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force. 
Graoid  total 


124,689 

4,027 

12,421 

6,447 

633 

4,485 

5,193 

3,584 

3,160 

2,869 

> 16,146 

1,915 

864 

4,095 


3  91,428 


163 
24 
67 
84 
11 
48 
31 
10 
13 
23 
76 
19 


6,632 
691 

2,197 

314 

95 

1,269 
748 
942 
332 


78.9 
69.5 
74.6 
55.2 
64.3 
69.6 
66.0 
72.5 
70.0 
70.2 
61.1 
06.1 
65.8 
62.0 


69.8 


1,178 
541 


11  ' 


167 


15,499 


6,037 
22,855 
3,221 
22,588 
3,864 
4,618 
2,561 


65,744 


» 172,671 


>  Not  ineludipg  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  only  and  2  employees  who  worked  3  days  oi^ly. 
2  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  i  day  only. 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


43 


OP  EMPLOYEES  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING   EACH  CLASSIFIED  NUMBER  OF  HOURS 
DEPARTMENTS-Concluded. 


Per  cent  of  employees  whose  customary  working  hours  per  week  were— 


Ploy^  whf^j^kedTda^ronT?°  ""^'^^  '  ^*^  '''''^'  ^'  ""^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^'^  ^  ^^^^  "^^  ^^  ^  ^^' 


44  LABOK   CONDITIONS   IN   IRON   AND   STEEL  INDUSTRY. 

In  every  department  the  customary  working  time  for  some  em- 
ployees was  84  hours  and  over  per  week,  and  in  11  of  the  14  depart- 
ments  the  customary  working  time  for  at  least  a  few  employees  was 
48  hours  and  under  per  week.  There  were  4  departments  in  which 
more  than  10  per  cent  of  the  employees  customarily  worked  48  hours 
or  less  per  week.  The  employees  working  these  shorter  hours  are 
almost  all  in  the  more  skilled  occupations  and  in  positions  requiring 
great  physical  strain  or  exposure  to  great  heat. 

As  regards  the  particular  group  of  hours  in  productive  occupations 
at  which  the  largest  proportion  of  employees  in  each  of  the  depart- 
ments  were  reported  as  customarUy  working,  blast  furnaces  alone  show 
the  predominating  group  as  customarily  working  84  hours.     In  the 
Bessemer  converters,  in  common  with  the  blooming,  standard  rail, 
structural,  and  miscellaneous  mechanical  mills,  the  largest  proportion 
of  employees  were  reported  as  working  72  hours  per  week.    In  the  cruci- 
ble furnace  department  and  in  the  plate,  bar,  Garrett  rod,  and  miscel- 
laneous rod  mills  the  customary  working  time  of  the  predominant 
group  was  over  60  and  under  72  hours  per  week,  although  in  the  bar 
mills  very  large  groups  were  reported  as  working  each  classified  num- 
ber of  hours  under  72  hours  per  week.     In  the  open-hearth  department 
groups  of  almost  equal  size  were  reported  as  working  72,  over  72 
and  under  84,  and  84  hours  per  week,  respectively.     In  the  pud- 
dling mills  the  predominant  group  worked  over  48  and  under  56 
hours  per  week,  and  in  the  tube  mills  60  hours  per  week. 

In  the  general  occupations,  it  may  be  briefly  noted  that  the 
largest  single  group  in  practically  aU  of  the  departments  custom- 
arily work  either  84  or  72  hours  per  week.  In  6  departments  the 
largest  group  works  84  hours;  in  4  departments  the  largest  group 
works  72  hours.  In  the  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force  the 
largest  single  group  in  each  of  4  departments  works  60  hours,  in 
each  of  2  departments,  84  hours,  and  in  1  department  72  hours. 
In  the  two  largest  departments  of  this  force,  the  yard  and  shops, 
the  group  working  60  hours  per  week  is  much  larger  than  any  other! 
In  order  to  bring  out  more  clearly  the  general  situation  as  regards 
customary  working  time  in  the  industry,  the  following  table,  drawn 
up  in  much  simpler  form  than  the  preceding,  has  been  prepared. 
In  this  table  the  productive  and  general  occupations  have  been  com- 
bined for  each  of  the  departments. 


:..  -'^'•ti?-**^'^ 


«»i.*i»^"-->»-tf,jIpj!'. 


SUMMAKY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


45 


PER  CENT  OF   EMPLOYEES  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING   EACH   CLASSIFIED   NUMBER 
OF  HOURS   PER   WEEK,  B^   BRANCH  OF  INDUSTRY. 


Branches  of  industry 


Num- 
ber of 
plants. 


Blast  furnaces 

Steel    works    and    rolling 
mills: 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces. . , 
Puddling  mills  and  cru- 
cible furnaces 

Rolling  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total  steel  works  and 

rolling  mills , 

Power,     mechanical     and 
yard  force 


156 


24 
80 

58 
212 

12 


212 

168 


Grand  total. 


338 


Per  cent  of  employees  whose  customary  working  hours 
per  week  were — 


Normal 
number 
of  em- 
ployees. 


48 
'  and 
I  un- 
I  der. 


131.321  I  0.10 


.•>,618  ilO.93 
14,618       .11 

7,489  15.30 
«  43, 629 
4.252 


i 75, 606 
(>5, 744 


7.20 


6.51 
.33 


3  172.671     3.00 


Over 

48 

and 

under 

56. 


56 

and 

under 

60. 


0.18 


2.(>5 
.38 

40.38 
6.34 


7.93 
3.53 


4.85 


1.02 


2.12 
1.59 

1.87 
7.19 
6.09 


5.14 

10. 78 


60. 


9.40 


2.14 
5.99 

14.86 
10.50 
59.76 


Over 

60 

and 

under 

72. 


6.54 


12.21 
40.91 


22.63 


20.75 


16.55 
15.65 

23.09 
28.08 
30.43 


24.52 
15.50 


20.40 


72. 


Over; 

72    I 

and  ,   84. 
underj 

84.    I 


I  Over 
;  84. 


1.42     4.34   62.60  | 


38.47  I  9.0<i   17.07 
25.13    27.51  123.42 


2.58 

29.83 

1.55 


25.27 
12.16 


15.95 


.61       .65 

2.57     8.18 

.61  I  1.32 


7.57  10.66 
5.08  'll.31 


6.04   20.34 


0.12 


l.Ol 
.23 


.0» 
.24 


.19 
.39 


i  Not  including  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  only  and  2  emplovees  who  worked  3  days  only. 
« Not  mcludmg  2  employees  who  worked  Iday  onlv.  '  * 

«  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  I  day  only,31  emplovees  who  worked  2  days  only,  and  2  em- 
ployees who  worked  3  days  only.  *  .  j  » 

The  facts  presented  in  this  table  are  of  such  simple  character  that 
extended  comment  is  unnecessary,  except  to  point  out  the  wide  dif- 
ferences which  exist  between  the  customary  working  houi*s  in  the 
principal  branches  of  the  industry.  Between  the  blast  furnaces  and 
the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  there  is  a  considerable  difference, 
which  would  be  much  larger  were  it  not  for  the  long  hours  worked 
by  a  large  number  of  employees  in  the  open-hearth  department. 
This  difference,  due  in  large  measure  to  the  fact  that  at  the  time 
of  this  investigation  the  larger  number  of  blast-furnace  employees 
in  every  plant  in  the  United  States  were  working  seven  days  per 
week,  has  been  greatly  decreased  by  introducing  into  a  number  of 
plants  a  plan  by  which  each  employee  in  the  department  is  allowed 
one  day  off  each  week.  There  is  an  almost  equally  great  difference 
between  the  customary  working  hours  of  the  predominating  propor- 
tion of  employees  in  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills  and  the  power, 
mechanical,  and  yard  force.  This  difference,  it  may  be  remarked, 
has  not  been  changed. 

The  table  which  follows  brings  into  comparison  for  each  depart- 
ment the  per  cent  of  employees  customarily  working  less  than  60 
hours  per  week  and  the  per  cent  customarily  working  72  hours 
and  over  per  week.  The  proportions  shown  here  it  may  be  noted 
have  not  been  altered  in  any  way  by  the  orders  recently  put  into 
effect  m  a  number  of  plants  to  eliminate  7-day  work,  as  none  of  the 
plans  proposed  reduces  the  working  week  to  less  than  72  hours. 


46 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IKON    AND   STEEL   INDUSTRY. 


PER   CENT   OF  EMPLOYEES  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING  LESS  THAN  60  HOURS   PER 
!!f  ^;?/^^  ^E«  ^E^'T  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING  72  HOURS  AND  OVER,  B^  DEPaI^- 


Departments. 


Per  cent  of  employees 
whose  customary- 
working  time  per 
week  was — 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 
Blast  furnaces. 


^ 


Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills .......'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Crucible  furnaces .'*.'!*.*.* 

Blooming  mills .'..'. 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  Ught  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechaiiical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills ." 

Tube  mills 


Less  than 
60  hours. 


1.01 
17.41 

1.61 
63.90 
18.48 
12.20 
14.11 

5.50 
11.26 

3.83 
38.95 
15.45 

6.48 

5.98 


72  hours 
and  over. 


Total  productive  occupations j^  ^g 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

F'uddliug  mills 

Crucible  furnaces ' 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills .'.'.".' 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  "miils  ' 
Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills. 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills ..............'* 

Miscellaneous  rod  roUls 

Tube  mills '  * 


2.43 
3.47 
4.69 
16.88 
26.32 
2.92 
4.14 


72.76 

62.90 
75.48 

LOS 
21.17 
68.31 
30.93 
76.96 
66.36 
57.62 
14.94 
35.20 
18.29 

2.12 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  vard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs , 

Shops. 


7.83 

.74 

28.01 

6.65 


8.92 


Mechanical  repairs . 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force 
Grand  total 


5.44 


1.34 
15.48 

8.91 
19.40 
11.49 
16.44 

5.31 


49.38 


52.86 
84.95 
80.88 
14.97 
38.95 
80.54 
60.03 
85.24 
67.17 
72.46 
25.72 
43.25 


45.22 


14.64 


60.33 


79.39 
27.66 
32.44 
9.29 
27.33 
38.41 
75.71 


28.94 


14.39 


42.58 


HOURS  OF  LABOR,  BY  DEPARTMENTS  AND  DISTRICTS. 

A  summary  of  hours  customarily  worked  per  week  by  districts  for 
the  whole  industry  is  misleading,  for  the  reason  that  the  hours 
worked  in  certain  departments  are  much  longer  than  in  others  and 
further,  that  the  different  departments  are  not  distributed  in  the  same 
proportion  through  the  several  districts. 

A  few  tables  are  here  presented  summarizing  customary  working 
hours  per  week  by  departments  and  districts.  In  these  tables  the 
total  for  all  districts  includes  all  plants,  but  data  as  to  customary 
working  hours  for  a  department  are  not  shown  for  any  district  from 
which  only  one  plant  is  reported.     Data  for  the  Pacific  Coast  district 


■'.<nF%r.t~  ■*!«-»•  ..'»■«<■  .jjwpmwr " 


SUMMARY  OF  WAGES  AND   HOURS  OF  LABOR. 


47 


are  entirely  omitted  for  the  reason  that  only  a  few  plants  are 
located  in  that  district.  In  using  these  tables  the  reader  should 
bear  in  mind  that  all  plants  from  all  districts  are  included  in  the 
column  ''Total,  all  districts." 

AVERAGE   CUSTOMARY   WORKING    HOURS   PER    WEEK    OF    EMPLOYEES   IN  PRO- 
DUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS  IN  EACH  DEPARTMENT,  BY  DISTRICTS. 

(The  averages  here  shown  are  not  the  hours  the  plants  were  in  operation,  but  are  the  average  hours  worked 
by  all  employees  within  each  department,  including  those  who  worked  a  small  number  of  hours  and 
those  who  worked  a  large  number  of  hours  per  week.] 


Departments. 

New 
Eng- 
land. 

East- 
em. 

78.4 

Pitts- 
burgh. 

Great 

Lakes 

and 

Middle 

West. 

79.4 
73.5 
75.2 
53.1 

South- 
ern. 

Total, 
aU  dis- 
tricts. 

1 

Blast  fumft^.s t 

76.9 

78.7 
68.2 
75.3 
54.7 
65.3 
68.0 
67.3 
72.1 
70.6 
69.9 
62.2 
67.2 
65.7 
62.3 

79.4 
66.2 
76.6 
47.9 

78.9 

Bessemer  converters 

69.5 

Ooen-hearth  furnaces 

64.5 
62.1 
64.4 
63.1 

72.4 
54  9 
63.3 
69.6 
61.5 
67.3 
62.4 

74  5 

Puddling  mills 

55.2 

CJnicible  furnaces 

643 

Blooming  mills .^ 

72.1 
71.7 
74.8 
73.1 
70.8 
61.3 
66.1 
65.6 

7a  8 

........ 

57.3 

69.6 

Plate  'hiills 

66.0 

Standard  rail  mills 

72.5 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills 

70.0 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

70.2 

Bar  mills j. 

Oarrett  rod  mills 

58.8 

59.6 
60.3 

"61.' 7' 

6L1 
66.1 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

66.2 

65.8 

Tube  mills 

62.0 

In  some  of  the  departments  there  are  practically  no  variations  in 
the  average  customary  working  hours  per  week  for  districts,  while  in 
other  departments  the  variations  are  marked. 

In  blast  furnaces  the  average  customary  working  hours  per  week 
were  79.4  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  and  in  the 
Southern  district,  78.7  in  the  Pittsburgh  district,  78.4  in  the  Eastern 
district,  and  76.9  in  the  New  England  district.  In  the  crucible 
department  and  in  the  bar  mills,  where  the  work  is  not  necessarily 
continuous  for  7  days  per  week,  there  are  also  but  slight  variations 
in  district  averages. 

In  the  puddling  department  marked  variations  in  district  averages 
occur.  The  average  customary  working  hours  per  week  were  62.1  in 
the  New  England  district,  54.9  in  the  Eastern  district,  54.7  in  the 
Pittsburgh  district,  53.1  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district, 
and  47.9  in  the  Southern  district. 

Customary  hours  worked  per  week  may  be  compared  in  five 
departments  for  the  five  districts  shown.  The  average  hours  per  week 
were  higher  in  the  Southern  district  than  in  the  other  four  districts 
in  open-hearth  and  blooming  mills,  higher  in  the  Southern  and  Great 
Lakes  and  Middle  West  districts  than  in  any  of  the  other  three  dis- 
tricts in  blast  furnaces,  higher  in  the  New  England  district  than  in 
any  other  district  in  puddhng  mills,  and  higher  in  the  Pittsburgh 
district  than  in  any  other  district  in  bar  mills.     In  the  12  depart- 


w 

I 


r 
t 

9 


mm 


48 


LABOR    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND    STEEL   INDUSTRY. 


ments  where  the  average  hours  in  the  Pittsburgh  district  and  in 
the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  can  be  compared,  the  aver- 
age hours  were  longer  in  seven  departments  in  the  Great  I^akes  and 
Middle  West  district  than  in  the  Pittsburgh  district. 

The  next  summary  shows  for  each  district  the  per  cent  of  employees 
in  each  department  customarily  working  72  hours  and  over  per  week. 
Data  for  a  department  are  not  shown  for  any  district  from  which 
only  one  plant  reported,  and  data  for  the  Pacific  Coast  district  are 
entirely  omitted  owing  to  the  small  number  of  plants  in  that  section 
of  the  country.  All  plants  and  all  districts,  however,  are  included 
in  the  column  "Total,  all  districts." 

PER  CENT    OF    EMPLOYEES    IN    EACH    DEPARTMENT   CUSTOMARILY   WORKING    72 

HOURS  AND  OVER  PER  WEEK,  BY  DISTRICTS. 


Departments. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

( )pen-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

BlooraiuK  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

structural,  liiiht  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

IJar  mills 

Oarrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  productive  occupations. 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

lilooming  mills 

mate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Clarrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


New 
Kng- 
lanu. 


50.15 


East- 
em. 


4.90 

.33 

10.04 


1.20 
"5.'88 


9.70 


57.63 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  ana  water 

Yard  and  transjwrtation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops 

Mechanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


Total,  p«wer,  mechanical,  and  yard  force 
Orand  total 


51.28 


8.00 
65.38 


33.33 
2.94 


50.00 


29.10 


36.48 
2.80 

10.26 
1.90 
2.33 


80.77 


8.11 


10.46 


71.64 


52.46 
.78 


45.02 
5.76 

44.06 
4.19 


10.33 
1.20 


31.01 


52.29 
23.08 
68.97 
18.99 
59.38 
57.28 
40.48 
43.05 
8.11 


13.87 
2.86 


60.00 


46.77 


Pitts- 
burgh. 


72.93 
00.84 
81.96 

1.88 
43.18 
65.51 
34.80 
87.16 
79.26 
.56.39 
18.75 
39. 61 
32.07 

2.34 


49.95 


56.47 
95.40 
86.28 
12.68 
38.71 
77.23 
71.72 
94.3.3 
90.79 
78.40 
32.11 
7.91 


Great 

Lakes 

and 

Middle 

West. 


74.32 

90.11 

85.19 

1.50 


86.07 
81.73 
82.95 
77.56 
04.18 
16.57 
37.35 
12.88 


64.04 


45.32 


63.51 


57.28 
11.44 
18.02 

2.51 
16.58 

8.65 
84.94 


16. 13 


28.73 


83.87 
34.00 
44.38 
14.34 
33.83 
43.78 
83.66 


36.46 


45.07 


54.95 
87.82 
85.55 
10. 67 
57.14 
94.59 
73.46 
92.23 
68.95 
71.21 
39.76 
53.96 


South- 
ern. 


72.22 
27.80 
94.12 


71.97 


63.24 


42.47 
56.06 
89.25 


68.54 


80.53 
29.77 
22.09 
4.64 
20.75 
36.26 
63.14 


24.62 


48.60 


72.32 


96.72 


100.00 

2.90 

84.71 


Total, 
all  dis- 
tricts. 


72.76 
02.90 
75.48 

1.01 
21.1? 
08.39 
:J0.93 
76.95 
06.36 
.57.62 
14.94 
35. 20 
18.29 

2.12 


49.38 


52.86 
84.95 
80.88 
14.97 
38.95 
80.54 
60.03 
85.24 
07.17 
72.46 
25.72 
43.25 


53.76 


79. 17 

7.61 

11.48 

11.43 

7.17 


42.65 


11.65 


47.04 


45.22 


60.33 


79.39 
27.66 
32.44 
9.29 
27.33 
38. 41 
75.71 


28.94 


42.58 


• 


SUMMARY    OF    WAGES    A^'D    HOURS    OF    LABOR. 


49 


^  In  every  department  the  districts  vary  materiall}^  in  the  propor- 
tion of  employees  in  productive  occupations  customarily  working  72 
hours  and  over  per  week. 

In  the  blast  furnaces  72  hours  and  over  per  week  was  the  custom- 
ary working  time  for  approximately  three-fourths  of  all  employees  in 
all  districts  except  in  the  NeW  England,  and  in  that  district  the 
proportion  was  nearly  three-fifths. 

In  the  Bessemer  converting  department  marked  variations  occur. 
The  customary  working  time  per  week  was  72  hours  and  over  for 
90.11  per  cent  of  the  employees  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West 
district,  60.84  per  cent  in  the  Pittsburgh  district,  and  only  27.80 
per  cent  in  the  Southern  district. 

In  the  blooming  mills  the  customary  working  time  per  week  was 
72  hours  and  over  for  86.07  per  cent  of  the  employees  in  the  Great 
Lakes  and  Middle  West  district,  71.97  per  cent  in  the  Southern 
district,  65.51  per  cent  in  the  Pittsburgh  district,  45.02  per  cent  in 
the  Eastern  district,  and  for  none  of  the  employees  in  the  New  Eng- 
land district. 

As  appears  from  the  preceding  table,  comparisons  for  four  districts 
can  be  made  in  five  departments.  The  Pittsburgh  district  shows  a 
larger  per  cent  customarily  working  72  hours  and  over  per  week  than 
does  any  other  district  in  puddling  and  in  bar  mills,  the  Great  l^akes 
and  Middle  West  district  in  blast  furnaces  and  in  blooming  mills,  and 
the  Southern  district  in  open-hearth  furnaces.  The  New  England 
district  shows  a  smaller  per  cent  customarily  working  72  hours  and 
over  than  does  any  other  district  in  four  of  the  five  departments. 

A  comparison  olF  the  Pittsburgh  district  and  the  Great  Lakes  and 
Middle  West  district  can  be  made  in  12  departments.  In  6  of  those 
12  departments  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district  shows  a 
larger  per  cent  of  employees  customarily  working  72  hours  and  over 
per  week  than  does  the  Pittsburgh  district. 

As  regards  the  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force  the  principal 
facts  to  be  noted  are  the  wide  variations  that  exist  between  the  differ- 
ent districts,  where  uniformity  might  be  expected;  and  second,  the 
fact  that  in  every  department  except  the  miscellaneous  the  Pitts- 
burgh district  shows  a  larger  proportion  of  employees  working  72 
hours  and  over. 

The  next  summary  shows  for  each  district  the  per  cent  of  employees 
in  each  department  customarilv  working  60  hours  and  less  per  week. 
Data  for  a  department  are  not  shown  for  any  district  from  which 
only  one  plant  reported,  and  data  for  the  Pacific  Coast  district  are 
entirely  omitted  owing  to  the  small  number  of  plants  in  that  section 
of  the  country.  All  plants  and  all  districts,  however,  are  included 
in  the  column  ^^ Total,  all  districts.'' 

15161°— S.  Doc.  301,  62-2 4 


•i^'-!r-  'f^ 


50  LABOK  CONDITIONS  IN   IBON   AND   STKEL  INDUSTKY.         ^ 

„,.   r.^   v«PIOVFF<i  IN  EACH   DEPARTMENT   CUSTOMAKILY   WORKINQ   60 
PER   CENT   OF   »^M^J;°^f;^J,\^^s  ^ER  WEEK.  BY  DISTRICTS. 


Departments 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 1    ^Q.  72 

Crucible  furnaces |    ^iq 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

ISS.?tuM^uVand;o-.hershai;.miiU 
Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills. 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills .  - . .  -  ■ .  - 
Miscellaneous  rod  mUls. 
Tube  mills 

Total,  productive  occupations 

Employees  in  general  occupations:  |    ^^ 

Blast  furnaces i 

Bessemer  converters ' 'ii'l 

Open-hearth  rurnivces gj 

Puddling  mills j    40 

rrucit)le  furnaces.  

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills -  ■  -  • ■  •  •  •  ■  •■■,;,• 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  nulls ^2 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills. . .  - 

Miscellaneoxis  rod  mills 

Tube  mills . 

Total,  general  occupations 

Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Kiectric  power  and  repairs. . 

Shops 

Mechanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


^T^^^^epartment  the  districts  show  .narked  variations  in  the 
proportion  of  e.nployees  in  productive  occupations  customarily  work- 

in tr  fiO  hours  jiiicl  less  per  week. 

"in  the  pen-hearth'^department  the  customary  working  time  per 
Jok  was  60  hours  and  less  for  3.25  per  cent  o  the  oniployces  in  the 
PUtsbui-h  district,  5.46  per  cent  in  the  Southern  .hstrict,  9.43  per 
cent  in  the  Great  Lakes  Ld  Middle  West  district,  12.76  per  cent  in 
hf  Eastern  district,  and  46.57  per  cent  in  the  New  f-^^^^^J^ 
Comparisons  for  the  five  districts  can  be  made  - /';•  'IfP  ^^^'''^'J^^; 
The  Pittsbur-h  district  sliows  a  smaller  per  cent  tlian  any  othe 

ri!;  cusiarily  working  60  hou.  and  less  '"  "P-  7;;^'; -.^„ 
bar  mills,  the  Southern  district  a  smaller  per  cent  than  any  other  in 


t 


•  ■  • 


*■• 


I 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOFRS   OF   LABOR. 


51 


blast  furnaces  and  blooming  mills,  and  the  New  England  district  a 
smaller  per  cent  than  any  other  district  in  puddling  mills.  The  New 
England  district  shows  a  larger  per  cent  than  any  other  district 
customarily  working  60  hours  and  less  in  open-hearth,  blooming, 
and  bar  mills. 

A  comparison  of  the  Pittsburgh  district  and  the  Great  Lakes  and 
Middle  West  district  can  be  made  in  12  of  the  producing  departments. 
In  7  of  those  12  departments  the  Pittsburgh  district  had  a  smaller 
per  cent  of  employees  customarily  working  60  hours  and  less  per 
week  than  did  the  Great  Lakes  and  Middle  West  district. 

In  order  to  show  clearly  the  conditions  existing  in  May,  1910,  as 
regards  the  per  cent  of  employees  in  each  district  and  department 
who  were  working  at  least  84  hours  per  week,  which  is  the  equivalent 
of  12  hours  per  day  7  days  per  week,  the  following  table  has  been 
prepared.  Data  for  a  department  are  not  shown  for  any  district 
from  which  only  one  plant  reported  and  data  for  the  Pacific  Coast 
district  are  entirely  omitted,  owing  to  the  small  number  of  plants  in 
that  section  of  the  country.  All  plants  and  all  districts,  however, 
are  included  in  the  column  ''Total,  all  districts.'^ 


i    -rj 


52 


LABOR    CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND    STEEL.   INDUSTRY. 


PER    CENT  OF   EMPLOYEES    IN    EACH    DEPARTMENT  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING  84 

HOURS  AND  OVER  PER  WEEK  BY  DISTRICTS. 


Dei)artments. 


New 
Ena- 
land. 


East-      Pitts- 
ern.      burgh. 


Employees  in  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 57. 93 

Bessemer  converters -• 

Open-hearth  furnaces j        •  w* 

Puddling  mills | 

Crucible  furnaces ! 1""7.ir 

Blooming  mills i      4.  io 

Plate  mills , j        •  ^b 

Standard  rail  mills  i-"' 


(V4.53 

11.75 

20.66 

.06 


64.54 
15.34 
14.99 


Great  |  j 

Lakes    q^,,th.    Total, 

and    ^?Si     i^'*l'«- 
Middle     ^^  tricts. 

West. 


Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills 

Miscellaneous  meclianical  mills , 

Bar  mills I 

Garrett  rod  mills ^"yka 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 1      4. 68 

Tut)e  mills i 


63 


.58 


Total,  productive  occupations i      7.94 


19.12 


1.48 
7.34 
6.76 
16.90 
10.64 
4.41 
1.37 
1.48 


,35 


19.81 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


55.93 


12.82 


8.00 
15.38 


2.94 


45.06 
23.08 
48.28 

3.91 
31.25 
45.54 
12.46 
20.53 

8.11 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  transportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shops 

Mechanical  repairs 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


17.16 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force. 
Grand  total 


13.21 
.43 

5.13 
.57 

2.33 


80.77 


5.16 


32.69 


34.03 
2.02 
6.61 
1.09 
9.07 


47.35 
28.45 
16.50 

4.23 
35.48 
31.94 
26.26 
53. 19 

2.63 
32.00 
10.26 


71.21 

25.73 

31.03 

.37 

7.69 

20.70 

3.21 

27.05 

31.46 

11.58 

1.11 

4.29 

1.80 

1.01 


70.07 
"3.59 


21.76 


23.81 


67.11 

17.15 

20.67 

.06 

.96 

11.55 

4.37 

17.41 

15.57 

7.18 

LOS 

3.50 

1.62 

.39 


32. 24       49. 27 


24.41 


49.62 
25.63 
5.3.83 
16.67 
28.67 
40.30 
22.84 
32.01 
43.84 
28.03 
11.28 
7.91 


41.13 

3.03 

60.75 


43.75 


35.97 


33.60 


3.79 


7.21 


23.76 


5.60 


52.20 
11.19 
22.86 
1.94 
14.12 
.17 
60.79 


14.02 


39.60 


2.90 
57.65 


38.39 


62.07 
8.37  1 

16.32  1 
1.54  i 
6.80 
4.39  I 

30.03 


72.92 

6.56 

8.20 

.17 

3.14 

42.' 65 


46.70 
24.75 
40.51 

4.46 
26.32 
38.46 
20.19 
29.19 
30.42 
28.29 

8.23 
13.12 


31.85 


35.77 


52.34 
8.78 

18.19 
1.58 

11.23 
.54 

43.81 


1U.99  1    18.20 


11.22 


6.69 


24.59 


35.42 


11.70 


20.50 


The  point  of  chief  importance  to  be  noted  in  connection  wnth  this 
table  is  the  fact  that  in  each  department  the  districts  vary  materially 
in  the  percentage  of  employees  customarily  working  84  hours  and 
over  per  week.  In  other  words,  very  great  differences  as  regards  the 
amount  of  7-day  work  done  existed  in  different  plants.  In  one  very 
large  plant,  for  example,  practically  all  the  employees  connected  with 
the  blast  furnaces,  open-hearth  furnaces,  Bessemer  converters,  and 
blooming  mills,  together  with  a  very  large  number  in  the  other  rolling 
mills  were  working  7  days  per  week,  12  hours  per  day.  Owing  to  the 
great  economies  secured  when  each  department  takes  its  material 
immediately  from  the  next  preceding  process,  so  that  there  is  the 
least  possible  loss  of  heat,  it  is  almost  inevitable  that  if  either  the 
Bessemer  or  the  open-hearth  department  is  operated  7  days  a  week 


I 


I 


SUMMARY   OF   V/AGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


53 


the  blooming  mill  at  least  will  also  be  operated.  This  creates  a 
condition  which  it  is  extremely  diflicult  to  correct,  owing  to  the  very 
large  number  of  men  whom  it  is  necessary  to  change  suddenly  from 
one  schedule  of  working  hours  to  another.  Of  comparative  condi- 
tions as  to  working  hours  in  the  different  districts  shown  in  this  and 
the  preceding  tables,  it  may  be  said,  in  general,  that  conditions  pre- 
vailing in  the  different  plants  in  each  district  are  by  no  means  uni- 
form, and  that  this  is  a  matter  of  the  attitude  of  particular  com- 
panies and  officials  rather  than  of  the  geographical  locality.  For 
example,  while  in  several  departments  the  Great  Lakes  and  ^liddle 
West  district  had  the  largest  proportion  of  employees  working  84 
hours  and  over,  this  was  by  no  means  true  of  all  of  the  estabHshments 
in  that  district,  some  of  which  had  unusually  good  conditions  in  this 
respect. 

DAYS  WORKED  PER  WEEK,  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 

The  customary  working  days  or  turns  ^  were  7  per  week  for  29.28 
per  cent  of  the  172,671  employees  for  whom  this  item  was  reported. 
The  customary  working  days  or  turns  were  6  per  week  for  52.73  per 
cent  of  the  total;  6  and  7  days  or  turns  alternately  for  3.70  per  cent 
of  the  total;  5  and  6  days  or  turns  alternately  for  12.67  per  cent  of 
the  total;  and  5  days  or  turns  for  1.62  per  cent  of  the  total. 

The  table  which  follows  shows  for  each  department  the  number 
and  per  cent  of  employees  customarily  working  each  specified  number 
of  days  or  turns  per  week. 

1  In  occupations  requiring  continuous  work  day  and  night  the  period  that  each  employee  or  group  of 
employees  works  is  known  as  a  "  turn,"  and  the  general  force  with  which  he  happens  to  work  is  known 
as  the  day  or  night  "  shift."  As  the  entire  24  hours  must  be  covered  by  the  men  on  the  different  shifts, 
the  "  turn  "  must  average  either  12  or  8  hours.  In  the  case  of  12-hour  men  the  time  is  frequently  divided 
so  that  the  day  turn  is  of  10  or  11  hours  and  the  night  turn  of  14  or  13  hours  respectively.  It  should  be 
noted  that  the  proportion  working  7  days  per  week  has  been  somewhat  altered  since  the  data  here  pre- 
sented were  collected,  as  has  been  described  above. 


> 


1 


:H?K^Vr=  V  *skm. 


64 


Kv- 

num- 
ber. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 


29 

aft 

31 
32 

as 

34 
35 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IRON   AND   STEEL  INDUSTRY. 
NUMBER  AND  PER  CENT  OP  EMPLOYEES  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING  EACH 


Departments. 


Employees  iB  productive  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces , 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces , 

Puddling  mills , 

Crucible  furnaces , 

Blooming  mills , 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Structural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills 

Bar  mills 

Tiarrett  rod  mills , 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  productive  occupations. 


Employees  in  general  occupations: 

Blast  furnaces 

Bessen\er  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills 

Crucible  furnaces 

Blooming  mills 

Plate  mills 

Standard  rail  mills 

Stmctural,  light  rail,  and  other  shape  mills. 

Miscellaneous  mechanical  mills , 

Bar  mills 

Garrett  rod  mills , 

Miscellaneous  rod  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  general  occupations. 


Power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force: 

Steam,  gas,  and  water 

Yard  and  traasportation 

Electric  power  and  repairs 

Shot 


NiiTnher  of  I     Nofmal 

plants.      employees. 


3PS 

cm 


Meonanical  repairs. 

Shipping 

Miscellaneous 


Total,  power,  mechanical,  and  yard  force. 
Grand  total 


156 
24 
80 
47 
11 
51 
34 
10 
16 
27 

115 
19 
11 
12 


1  24, 689 

4,927 

12,421 

6,447 

633 

4,486 

5,193 

3,584 

3,160 

2,860 

« 16, 146 

1,916 

864 

4,095 


8  91,428 


16a 

24 
67 
34 
11 
48 
31 
10 
13 
23 
76 
19 


6,632 
691 

2,19t 

314 

96 

1,269 
748 
942 
332 
403 

1,178 
541 


11 


157 


15,499 


6,037 
22,865 
3,221 
22,588 
;?.864 
4,618 
2,661 


66,744 


8  172.671 


1  Not  including  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  and  2  employees  who  worked  3  days  only. 

2  Including  78  employees  who  worked  5,  G,  and  7  days  in  rotation. 

3  Including  20  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 

*  Including  6  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 

*  Including  4  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 
•Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  1  day  only. 

">  Including  12  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 

*  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  1  day  only  and  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  only  and  2 
employees  who  worked  3  days  only. 


»    * 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES  AND   HOURS  OF   LABOR. 
SPECIFIED  NUMBER  OF  DAYS  OR  TURNS  PER  WEEK,  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 


55 


^  » 


( 


•% 

\ 


I 


Number  of  employees  whose  customary 
time  per  week  wa&— 

working 

Per  cent  of  employees  whose  customary  work- 
ing time  p^r  week  was — 

Mar- 

5 days. 

5  and  6 
days 
alter- 
nately. 

6  days. 

6  and  7 
days 
alt^- 

nately. 

7  days. 

5  days. 

6  and  6 
days 
alter- 
nately. 

6  days. 

6  and  7 
days 
alter- 
nately. 

7  days. 

ginal 

num- 

ber. 

16 

2,136 
»3,238 
36,485 

1,526 
423 

3,262 

4  3,648 
2,552 

5  1,966 
1,990 

7  8,535 

791 

295 

1,361 

7 

138 

3,092 

8 

22,531 

1,156 

3,396 

7 

21 

642 

265 

638 

499 

310 

367 

68 

15 

30 

0.06 

8.65 

8  65.72 

3  44.16 

23.67 

66.82 

72.73 

<70.25 

7L21 

5  62.22 

69.36 

7  52.86 

41.31 

34.14 

33.24 

0.03 

2.80 

24.89 

.12 

9L26 

23.44 

27.33 

.11 

3.32 

14.31 

4.91 

17.80 

15.79 

10.81 

2.27 

3.55 

1.74 

.73 

1 

396 
426 

4,591 
188 
244 

1,186 
390 
632 
483 

6,180 
967 
522 

2,691 

8.04 
3.43 
71.21 
29.70 
5.44 
22.84 
10.88 
20.00 
16.84 
38.28 
50.50 
60.42 
65.71 

2 

23 

315 

1 

120 

IS 

.19 
4.89 

.16 
2.68 

.25 

3 
4 

5 

""'  2i7 
91 
4 
60 
80 
40 

4.84 

'■.11 

1.90 

2.79 

.25 

6 

7 
8 

3 

6 

1,024 

89 

32 

9 

.09 

.21 

6.34 

4.65 

3.70 

.22 

9 
10 
11 
12 

13 

4 

.10 

14 

1,650 

18,896 

•37,208 

3,741 

29,933 

1.80 

20.67 

»40.70 

4.09 

32.74 

10 

1,554 
438 
721 
190 
44 
554 

10  456 
561 
137 
170 

"790 
258 

74 

26 

402 

11 

8 
66 
60 
16 

2 
18 
22 

6 

4,994 

197 

1,030 

39 

3» 

596 

163 

297 

102 

174 

162 

76 

.15 

23.43 
63.39 
32.82 
60.51 
46.32 
43.66 

10  60. 96 
69.55 
4L27 
42.18 

"67.06 
47.69 

1.12 
3.76 
18.30 
3.50 
8.42 
5.20 
9.22 
1.59 
.60 
4.47 
1.87 
1.11 

75.30 
28.51 
46.43 
12.42 
41.05 
46.97 
21.79 
3L53 
30.72 
43.18 
13.75 
13.86 

15 

30 

51 

68 

3 

25 

57 

69 

91 

41 

151 

188 

4.34 

2.32 

21.66 

3.16 

L97 

7.62 

7.32 

27.41 

10.17 

12.82 

34.75 

16 

3 
6 

3 

.14 
1.91 
1.05 
2.21 

.40 

17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

53 

14 

4.50 
2.59 

25 
26 
27 

44 

55 

6 

52 

28.03 

35.03 

3.82 

33.12 

28 

118 

818 

7  5,928 

726 

7,910 

.76 

5.28 

7  38.25 

4.68 

5L04 

52 
310 

13 
469 

17 

158 

9 

241 
908 

52 
250 

31 
434 
250 

10  1, 676 

n  17, 100 

2,108 

19,625 

"2,686 

3,739 

977 

.  527 
786 
115 
253 
216 
12 
16 

3,541 

3.751 
983 

1,991 
914 
276 

l,30fr 

.86 
1.36 

.40 
2.08 

.44 
3.42 

.35 

3.99 
3.97 
1.61 
1.11 
.80 
9.40 
9.76 

10  27.76 

12  74.82 
65.45 
86.88 

13  69.51 
80.97 
38.15 

8.73 
3.44 
3.57 
1.12 
5.59 
.26 
.62 

58.65 
16.41 
28.97 

8.81 
23.65 

5.95 
51.11 

29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 

1,028 

2,166 

1*47,911 

1.925 

12,714 

1.56 

3.29     "72.88 

2.93 

19.34 

2,796 

21,880 

1*91,047 

6,391 

50,557 

L62 

12.67  1  15  52.73 

3.70 

29.28 

•  Including  42  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days  and  78  employees  who  worked  5,  6,  and  7 
days  in  rotation. 

10  Including  7  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 

11  Including  5  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 
1*  Including  24  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 
13  Including  9  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 
i«  Including  40  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 

15  Including  94  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days  and  78  employees  who  worked  5,  6,  and 
7  days  in  rotation. 


I  r 


56 


LABOR   CONDITIONS   IN    IRON    AND   STEEL.   INDUSTRY. 


In  spite  of  the  fact  stated  on  page  9  that  the  percentage  of 
employees  working  7  days  per  week  has  been  somewhat  altered 
since  the  date  of  these  reports,  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  that 
the  conditions  existing  in  the  industry  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
investigation  should  be  clearly  understood. 

The  blast-furnace  department  is  the  only  one  of  the  14  depart- 
ments where  there  is  any  metallurgical  necessity  for  continuous  opera- 
tion day  and  night  throughout  7  days  per  week.  In  industries  other 
than  iron  and  steel,  where  continuous  operation  is  necessary,  such 
for  instance  as  street  railway  and  newspaper  publishing,  it  is  the 
custom  to  carry  a  sufficient  number  of  employees  to  enable  each 
employee  to  rest  one  day  in  seven.  Throughout  the  iron  and  steel 
industry  prior  to  the  present  investigation  and  at  the  date  of  the 
present  inquiries  (May,  1910)  the  employees  were  expected  to  work 
seven  days  whenever  the  department  in  which  they  were  working  was 
running  seven  days  and  the  occupation  in  which  they  were  engaged 
required  continuous  work. 

The  above  table  shows  that  in  the  blast-furnace  department,  where 
the  operation  is  continuous,  91.26  per  cent  of  the  employees  in  pro- 
ductive occupations  customarily  worked  seven  days  or  turns  per 
week.  The  table  also  shows  that  in  every  single  department  the  cus- 
tomary working  time  of  some  employees  was  seven  days  per  week. 

In  practically  every  department  it  is  necessary  for  a  few  men  to  be 
on  duty  at  all  hours  day  and  night  during  the  week,  but  the  propor- 
tion of  the  total  number  of  employees  required  for  this  seven-day 
duty  is  very  small,  and  in  not  more  than  3  or  4  of  the  departments 
does  the  proportion  required  approach  the  number  who  were  custom- 
arily working  seven  days  per  week.  The  large  proportion  of  the 
Bessemer  converters,  open-hearth  furnaces,  and  rolling  mills  working 
seven  days  or  turns  was  due  to  the  fact  that  these  departments  were 
in  continuous  operation  in  some  plants,  although  no  real  necessity  for 
this  condition  existed,  only  a  desire  to  increase  the  output  of  the 
plant.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  of  the  80  open-hearth  plants  re- 
ported upon  here,  21,  or  over  one-fourth,  were  operated  on  Sunday 
during  some  part  of  the  year. 

Next  to  the  blast-furnace  department  the  open-hearth  had  the 
largest  proportion  of  employees  customarily  working  seven  days  or 
turns  per  week,  the  per  cent  being  27.33,  and  the  Bessemer  converting 
was  third  in  order  with  23.44  per  cent. 

In  order  to  present  the  general  situation  in  the  simplest  form  the 
table  following  has  been  prepared,  showing  the  proportion  of  em- 
ployees in  each  of  the  principal  branches  or  divisions  of  the  industry 
who  worked  each  specified  number  of  days  or  turns  per  week. 


« 


\ 


I 


SUMMARY   OF   WAGES   AND   HOURS   OF   LABOR. 


57 


PER  CENT  OF  EMPLOYEES  CUSTOMARILY  WORKING  EACH  SPECIFIED  NUMBER  OF 

DAYS   PER  WEEK,  BY   BRANCHES   OF   INDUSTRY. 


Branch  of  industry. 


Blast  furnaces 

steel  works  and  rolling  mills: 

Bessemer  converters 

Open-hearth  furnaces 

Puddling  mills  and  crucible  furnaces. 

Rolling  mills 

Tube  mills 


Total,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills. 

Power,  mechanical  and  yard  force 

Grand  total 


Normal 
num- 
ber of 
plants. 


156 

24 
80 
58 
212 
12 


212 


168 


338 


Number 
oJ  em- 
ployees. 


131.321 

5,618 

14,618 

7,489 

M3,»j29 

4.252 


< 75.606 


65,744 


8  172,671 


Per  cent  of  employees  whose  customary 
working  time  per  week  was — 


5  days. 


0.08 


.18 
4.31 
3.17 

.21 


2.31 


L56 


1.62 


5  and  6 
days 
alter- 
nately. 


7.58 

3.26 

64.76 

25.73 

()4.32 


26.07 


3.29 


12.67 


6  days. 


11.78 

2  65.43 
8  42. 45 

29.15 
5  59.51 

33.30 


6  52.17 


7  72. 88 


»  52. 73 


6  and  7 

days 
alter- 
nately. 


0.26 

2.92 
23.90 

.36 
1.58 

.24 


5.80 


7  days. 


87.88 

24.07 
30.20 

1.42 
10.00 

L93 

13.66 


2.93 


19.34 


3.70 


29.28 


I  Not  including  31  employees  who  worked  2  days,  and  2  employees  who  worked  3  days  only. 
'  Including  78  employees  who  worked  5,  6,  and  7  days  in  rotation. 

•  Including  20  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days. 

•  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  1  day  only. 

» Including  34  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  daj^s. 

•  Including  54  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days,  and  78  employees  who  worked  5,  6,  and 
7  days  in  rotation. 

^  Including  40  employees  who  worked  alter-lately  5  and  7  days. 

•  Not  including  2  employees  who  worked  1  day  only,  31  employees  who  worked  2  days  only,  and  2  em- 
ployees who  worked  3  days  only. 

'Including  94  employees  who  worked  alternately  5  and  7  days,  and  78  employees  who  worked  5,6,  and 
7  days  in  rotation. 


O 


GAYLAMOUNT 

PAMPHLET  BINDER 


6AYLOR0  BROS.  I« 
9yr«cus«,  N.  Y. 
SlockUn,  Caltf. 


t ' 


D£6k 


Un596 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 

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Un396 


U.S.  Congress.  Senate. 
Summary  of  the  '.7a^*es  and  Hours 
of  Labor 


f^SH   6 


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